Abstract
Most secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) are amenable to device closure. Three- dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) can be used to obtain an en face view of the ASD and important surrounding structures which provides for analysis of the type, size, shape, orientation, number and position of orifices, ASD rims and important surrounding structures in a single live 3D echo view. Also, 3DTEE is ideal for monitoring the position and configuration of devices and delivery hardware using live real –time imaging techniques. In this chapter we will describe and illustrate the methods to obtain and optimize 3DTEE en face views of the ASD during device closure using 3D zoom, live 3D and 3D full volume plus iCrop modalities. The respective 3D TEE modalities, imaging protocols, advantages and limitations will be discussed. Because it is useful, accurate and fairly simple to use, we have adopted 3D TEE for routine clinical use during ASD device closure.
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Abbreviations
- Ao:
-
aorta
- ASD:
-
secundum atrial septal defect
- C:
-
catheter
- CS:
-
coronary sinus
- DTGE:
-
deep transgastric echocardiography
- EV:
-
Eustachian valve
- HVR:
-
high volume rate
- IVC:
-
inferior vena cava
- LA:
-
left atrium
- LTP:
-
left touch panel
- LPV:
-
left pulmonary vein
- LV:
-
left ventricle
- LVOT:
-
left ventricular outflow tract
- MPR:
-
multiplanar reconstruction
- RA:
-
right atrium
- RPV:
-
right pulmonary vein
- RTP:
-
right touch panel
- RV:
-
right ventricle
- S1:
-
septum primum
- SVC:
-
superior vena cava
- TEE:
-
transesophageal echocardiography
- TV:
-
tricuspid valve
- 3DFV:
-
3D full volume
- 3DTEE:
-
three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance
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ᅟ
Conflict of Interest
David A. Roberson has received payment from Philips Ultrasound for being a lecturer for training physicians and sonographers to do 3D echocardiography.
Vivian Wei Cui has received payment from Philips.
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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Echocardiography
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
3D zoom TEE protocol for en face views of secundum ASD (WMV 5396 kb)
Live 3D TEE protocol for en face views of secundum ASD (WMV 8.51 MB)
3D full volume with iCrop protocol for TEE en face views of secundum ASD (WMV 6146 kb)
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Roberson, D.A., Cui, V.W. Three-dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography of Atrial Septal Defect Device Closure. Curr Cardiol Rep 16, 453 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-013-0453-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-013-0453-4