Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dyslipidemia Management in Pregnancy: Why Is It not Covered in the Guidelines?

  • Statin Drugs (R. Ceska, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Despite the elevation of lipid values during pregnancy is mostly physiological, evidence suggest that it may be associated with adverse events. This article reviews the characteristics of lipid disorders and the possible management with dyslipidemia in pregnant women.

Recent Findings

Among many available groups of lipid-lowering drugs, only bile acid sequestrants are approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia during pregnancy. Ezetimibe and fenofibrate might be considered if benefits outweigh the potential risk. Statins are still contraindicated due to the results mainly from animal studies and series of human cases. However, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses showed that their use may not be detrimental, and in some selected cases may be beneficial. Especially, in some groups of pregnant patients with very high cardiovascular risk—those already after an event, or with established cardiovascular disease, with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; in such cases the final decision should weight the potential risk of discontinuation of therapy. Finally, we need to wait for the data with new drugs, including PCSK9 inhibitors and especially inclisiran, which (still hypothetically) might be a very interesting option as it may be used just before the pregnancy and immediately after with the duration of about 9 months between injections.

Summary

The decisions on lipid-lowering therapy in pregnant patients should be individualized. Despite design and ethical difficulties with such studies, further investigations on dyslipidemia treatment during pregnancy are highly awaited.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, Giovas P, Bray S, Kiru G, et al. EU-wide cross-sectional observational study of lipid-modifying therapy use in secondary and primary care: the DA VINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:1279–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. •• Banach M, Burchardt P, Chlebus K, Dobrowolski P, Dudek D, Dyrbuś K, et al. PoLA/CFPiP/PCS/PSLD/PSD/PSH guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of lipid disorders in Poland 2021. Arch Med Sci. 2021;17:1447–547. The guidelines present recommendations regarding diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. • EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Lancet 2021;398:1713–1725. This study is a multinational one and presents epidemiology and data concerning familial hypercholesterolemia.

  4. Hadden DR, McLauglin C. Normal and abnormal maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;14:401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Vrijkotte TG, Krukziener N, Hutten BA, Vollebregt KC, van Eijsden M, Twickler MB. Maternal lipid profile during early pregnancy and pregnancy complications and outcomes: the ABCD study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:3917–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pipe NG, Smith T, Halliday D, Edmonds CJ, Williams C, Coltart TM. Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979;86:929–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Clapp JF, Seaward BL 3rd, Sleamaker RH, Hiser J. Maternal physiologic adaptations to early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:1456–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kopp-Hoolihan LE, van Loan MD, Wong WW, King JC. Fat mass deposition during pregnancy using a four-component model. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aguilar Cordero MJ, Baena García L, Sánchez López AM, Guisado Barrilao R, Hermoso Rodríguez E, Mur Villar N. Nivel De Triglicéridos Como Factor De Riesgo Durante El Embarazo; Modelado Biológico; Revisión Sistemática [Triglyceride levels as a risk factor during pregnancy; biological modeling; systematic review]. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32:517–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nsioudis D, Doulaveris G, Kanninen TT. Dyslipidemia in pregnancy and maternal-fetal outcome. Minerva Ginecol. 2019;71:155–62.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Belo L, Caslake M, Gaffney D, Santos-Silva A, Pereira-Leite L, Quintanilha A. Changes in LDL size and HDL concentration in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Atherosclerosis. 2001;162:425–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Brizzi P, Tonolo G, Esposito F, Puddu L, Dessole S, Maioli M, et al. Lipoprotein metabolism during normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:430–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bacchetti T, Morresi C, Vignini A, Tiano L, Orlando P, Montik N, et al. HDL functionality in follicular fluid in normal-weight and obese women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36:1657–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang GH, Jin J, Liu YQ, Yang FY, Shi D, Zhang Y, et al. The changes of Lp-PLA2 in patients with gestational diabetes and its clinical significance. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(30): e26786.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dong Y, Lin Y, Liu W, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Song W. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibited ABCA1/G1-dependent cholesterol efflux related to low HDL-C in hypertensive pregnant patients. Front Pharmacol. 2021;28(12): 715302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Amundsen AL, Khoury J, Iversen PO, Bergei C, Ose L, Tonstad S, et al. Marked changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy in women with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189:451–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Retnakaran R, Wen SW, Tan H, Zhou S, Ye C, Shen M, et al. Maternal pre-gravid cardiometabolic health and infant birthweight: a prospective pre-conception cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27:723–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jin WY, Lin SL, Hou RL, Chen XY, Han T, Jin Y, et al. Associations between maternal lipid profile and pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes: a population-based study from China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Shen H, Liu X, Chen Y, He B, Cheng W. Associations of lipid levels during gestation with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016;6: e013509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Sharami SH, Gholipour M, Milani F, Kazemnejad E, Heirati SFD, Ranjbar ZA. The association between dyslipidemia and preterm birth: a prospective cohort study in the north of Iran. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20:227–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang J, Moore D, Subramanian A, Cheng KK, Toulis KA, Qiu X, et al. Gestational dyslipidaemia and adverse birthweight outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018;19:1256–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wizniter A, Mayer A, Novack V, Sheiner E, Gilutz H, Malhotra A, et al. Association of lipid levels during gestation with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus population based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:482e1-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Qiao L, Wattez JS, Lim L, Rozance PJ, Hay WW Jr, Shao J. Prolonged prepregnant maternal high-fat feeding reduces fetal and neonatal blood glucose concentrations by enhancing fetal β-cell development in C57BL/6 mice. Diabetes. 2019;68:1604–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Xiao H, Chen Y, Pei L, et al. Influence of dyslipidemia during pregnancy on postpartum glucose and lipid metabolism in GDM patients. Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (Medical Sciences). 2020;41:479–84.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wang D, Ding W, Xu S, Chen H, Liu B, Wang Z. The relationship between total cholesterol and postpartum impaired glucose tolerance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19:142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Pei L, Xiao H, Lai F, Li Z, Li Z, Yue S, et al. Early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors during pregnancy in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19:220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Adank MC, Benschop L, van Streun SP, Smak Gregoor AM, Mulder MT, Steegers EAP, et al. Gestational lipid profile as an early marker of metabolic syndrome in later life: a population-based prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2020;18:394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Napoli C, Glass CK, Witztum JI, Deutsch R, Armiento FPD, Palinski W. Influence of maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet. 1999;354:1234–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sanderson SL, Iverius PH, Wilson DE. Successful hyperlipemic pregnancy. JAMA. 1991;265:1858–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Penson PE, Banach M. What do we know about the role of lipoprotein(a) in atherogenesis 57 years after its discovery? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63:219–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Manten GTR, van der Hoek YY, Sikkema JM, Voorbij HAM, Hameetemean TM, Visser GHA, et al. The role of lipoprotein (a) in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64:162–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rey E, Kahn SR, David M, Shrier I. Thrombophilic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361:901–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3165–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/treatingfortwo/treatment-guidelines.html Accessed 15th October 2021.

  35. Perak AM, Ning H, Khan SS, Van Horn LV, Grobman WA, Lloyd-Jones DM. Cardiovascular health among pregnant women, aged 20 to 44 years, in the US. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9: e015123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:111–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. The International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group. Effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials. BMJ. 2017;358:j3119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Knight M, Foster C. Diet and exercise in pregnancy. BMJ. 2017;358:j3283.

  39. • Banach M. Where are the recommendations on healthy lifestyle and cardiovascular disease prevention for pregnant women? JAHA. 2020;9: e016052. This study presents issues regarding cardiovascular disease prevention for pregnant women and gives recommendation on healthy lifestyle.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Pernia S, DeMaagd G. The new pregnancy and lactation labelling rule. PT. 2016;41:713–5.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lent-Schochet D, Jialal I. Antilipemic agent bile acid sequestrants. [Updated 2021 Sep 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549906/. Accessed 14 Oct 2021.

  42. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251(3):351–64.

  43. Ast M, Frishman WH. Bile acid sequestrants. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30(2):99–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Brensike JF, Levy RI, Kelsey SF, Passamani ER, Richardson JM, Loh IK, et al. Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation. 1984;69:313–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Levy RI, Brensike JF, Epstein SE, Kelsey SF, Passamani ER, Richardson JM, et al. The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: results of NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation. 1984;69:325–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Tun P, Phillips NR, Freedman DD, Williams ML, et al. Normalization of low-density-lipoprotein levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with a combined drug regimen. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:251–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nordgren TM, Lyden E, Anderson-Berry A, Hanson C. Omega-3 fatty acid intake of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in the United States: potential for deficiency? Nutrients. 2017;9: e197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jacobson TA. Role of n-3 fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1981S-S1990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Skulas-Ray AC, West SG, Davidson MH, Kris-Etherton PM. Omega-3 fatty acid concentrates in the treatment of moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1237–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, et al. VITAL Research Group. Marine n-3 fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:23–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Bowman L, Mafham M, Wallendszus K, Stevens W, Buck G, Barton J, et al. ASCEND Study Collaborative Group. Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1540–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, REDUCE-IT Investigators. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:11–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, Shepherd E, Olsen SF, Makrides M. Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11:CD003402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Minsker DH, MacDonald JS, Robertson RT, Bokelman DL. Mevalonate supplementation in pregnant rats suppresses the teratogenicity of mevinolinic acid, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase. Teratology. 1983;28:449–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dostal LA, Schardein JL, Anderson JA. Developmental toxicity of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in rats and rabbits. Teratology. 1994;50:387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ghidini A, Sicherer S, Willner J. Congenital abnormalities (VATER) in baby born to mother using lovastatin. Lancet. 1992;339:1416–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Edison RJ, Muenke M. Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1579–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zarek J, Koren G. The fetal safety of statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36:506–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Karalis DG, Hill AN, Clifton S, Wild RA. The risks of statin use in pregnancy: a systematic review. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10:1081–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Maierean SM, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Grzesiak M, Mazidi M, Maciejewski M, et al. The potential role of statins in preeclampsia and dyslipidemia during gestation: a narrative review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018;27:427–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requests-removal-strongest-warning-against-using-cholesterol-lowering-statins-during-pregnancy Accessed 14-th of October 2021.

  62. Döbert M, Varouxaki AN, Mu AC, et al. Pravastatin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk of term preeclampsia. Circulation. 2021;144:670–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Botha TC, Pilcher GJ, Wolmarans K, Blom DJ, Raal FJ. Statins and other lipid-lowering therapy and pregnancy outcomes in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a retrospective review of 39 pregnancies. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:502–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Vahedian-Azimi A, Makvandi S, Banach M, Reiner Z, Sahebkar A. Fetal toxicity associated with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2021;327:P59–67. This meta-analysis showed that statin treatment did not cause increased total rate of birth defect.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Vahedian-Azimi A, Bianconi V, Makvandi S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of statins on pregnancy outcomes. Atherosclerosis. 2021;336:1–11. The results of meta-analysis showed that there is a correlation between statin use and the rate of spontaneous abortion. On the other hand, the authors showed that statin therapy is not associated with increased incidence of stillbirth, induced abortion, and elective abortion.

  66. https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ezetimibe.html Accessed 15th of October 2021.

  67. Blom DJ, Fayad ZA, Kastelein JJ, Larrey D, Makris L, Schwamlein C, LOWER investigators, et al. LOWER, a registry of lomitapide-treated patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: rationale and design. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10:273–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vuignier Y, Beaud F, Kosinski C, Panchaud A, Lebon S, Baud D, et al. Exposure to alirocumab during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case report. Birth Defects Res. 2021;113:1156–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Evolocumab Pregnancy Exposure Registry. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02957604. Accessed October 15, 2021

  70. Study to evaluate the safety of Repatha® in pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02906124. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02906124. Accessed October 15, 2020.

  71. Ray KK, Stoekenbroek RM, Kallend D, Nishikido T, Leiter LA, Landmesser U, et al. Effect of 1 or 2 doses of inclisiran on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: one-year follow-up of the ORION-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(11):1067–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Henney NC, Banach M, Penson PE. RNA silencing in the management of dyslipidemias. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021;23:69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Stefanutti C, Julius U. Lipoprotein apheresis: state of the art and novelties. Atheroscler Suppl. 2013;14:19–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. France M, Rees A, Datta D, et al. HEART UK statement on the management of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in the United Kingdom. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:128–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ogura M, Makino H, Kamiya C, et al. Lipoprotein apheresis is essential for managing pregnancies in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: seven case series and discussion. Ahterosclerosis. 2016;254:179–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Klingel R, Gohlen B, Schwarting A, et al. Differential indication of lipoprotein apheresis during pregnancy. Ther Apher Dial. 2003;7:359–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ewald N, Kloer H-U. Treatment options for severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG): the role of apheresis. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2012;7:31–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Basar R, Uzum AK, Canbaz B, Dogansen SC, Kalayoglu-Besisik S, Altay-Dadin S, et al. Therapeutic apheresis for severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287:839–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Perrone G, Brunelli R. Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women: the obstetric-gynecologist’s point of view. Ther Apher Dial. 2013;17:162–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Russi G. Severe dyslipidemia in pregnancy: the role of therapeutic apheresis. Transfus Apher Sci. 2015;53:283–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:3168–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-228, Lodz, Poland

    Joanna Lewek & Maciej Banach

  2. Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland

    Joanna Lewek & Maciej Banach

  3. Cardiovascular Research Centre, Zielona Góra, Poland

    Maciej Banach

Authors
  1. Joanna Lewek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maciej Banach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maciej Banach.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Statin Drugs

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lewek, J., Banach, M. Dyslipidemia Management in Pregnancy: Why Is It not Covered in the Guidelines?. Curr Atheroscler Rep 24, 547–556 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01030-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01030-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation