Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of Particulate Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Health

  • Allergies and the Environment (M Hernandez, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Air pollution is established as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Ambient particulate matter (PM), a principal component of air pollutant, has been considered as a main culprit of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health.

Recent Findings

Extensive epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated particulate air pollution is positively associated with the development of CVDs. Short-term PM exposure can trigger acute cardiovascular events while long-term exposure over years augments cardiovascular risk to an even greater extent and can reduce life expectancy by a few years. Inhalation of PM affects heart rate variability, blood pressure, vascular tone, blood coagulability, and the progression of atherosclerosis. The potential molecular mechanisms of PM-caused CVDs include direct toxicity to the cardiovascular system or indirect injury by inducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in circulation.

Summary

This review mainly focuses on the acute and chronic effects of ambient PM exposure on the development of cardiovascular diseases and the possible mechanisms for PM-induced increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Additionally, we summarized some appropriate interventions to attenuate PM air pollution-induced cardiovascular adverse effects, which may promote great benefits to public health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

PM:

Particulate matter

PM10 :

PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm

PM2.5–10 :

PM with an aerodynamic diameter 2.5–10 μm

PM2.5 :

PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm

UFPs/PM0.1 :

PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 0.1 μm

BC:

Black carbon

DEP:

Diesel exhaust particles

HRV:

Heart rate variability

CHF:

Congestive heart failure

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

RRs:

Relative risk ratios

HRs:

Hazard ratios

IL:

Interleukin

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

CRP:

C-reactive protein

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

t-PA:

Tissue plasminogen activator

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor

FMD:

Flow-mediated dilation

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

GSTM1:

Glutathione S-transferase M1

References

  1. Valavanidis A, Fiotakis K, Vlachogianni T. Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2008;26:339–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Harrison RM, Yin J. Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health? Sci Total Environ. 2000;249:85–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Franck U, Odeh S, Wiedensohler A, et al. The effect of particle size on cardiovascular disorders--the smaller the worse. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409:4217–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:2331–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lawal AO. Air particulate matter induced oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis: the role of Nrf2 and AhR-mediated pathways. Toxicol Lett. 2017;270:88–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Langrish JP, Bosson J, Unosson J, et al. Cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution exposure: time course and underlying mechanisms. J Intern Med. 2012;272:224–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Simkhovich BZ, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA. Air pollution and cardiovascular injury epidemiology, toxicology, and mechanisms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:719–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Schulz H, Harder V, Ibald-Mulli A, et al. Cardiovascular effects of fine and ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med. 2005;18:1–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zanobetti A, Franklin M, Koutrakis P, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environ Health. 2009;8:58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ye X, Peng L, Kan H, et al. Acute effects of particulate air pollution on the incidence of coronary heart disease in Shanghai. China PLoS One. 2016;11:e0151119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen R, Zhang Y, Yang C, et al. Acute effect of ambient air pollution on stroke mortality in the China air pollution and health effects study. Stroke. 2013;44:954–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Li H, Chen R, Meng X, et al. Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and coronary heart disease mortality in 8 Chinese cities. Int J Cardiol. 2015;197:265–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen R, Yin P, Meng X, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and daily mortality. A nationwide analysis in 272 Chinese cities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:73–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Samoli E, Touloumi G, Zanobetti A, et al. Investigating the dose-response relation between air pollution and total mortality in the APHEA-2 multicity project. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:977–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Samoli E, Analitis A, Touloumi G, et al. Estimating the exposure-response relationships between particulate matter and mortality within the APHEA multicity project. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:88–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Roberts S, Martin MA. Applying a moving total mortality count to the cities in the NMMAPS database to estimate the mortality effects of particulate matter air pollution. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63:193–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Stylianou M, Nicolich MJ. Cumulative effects and threshold levels in air pollution mortality: data analysis of nine large US cities using the NMMAPS dataset. Environ Pollut. 2009;157:2216–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kunzli N, Jerrett M, Mack WJ, et al. Ambient air pollution and atherosclerosis in Los Angeles. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:201–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pope CA 3rd, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2006;56:709–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Puett RC, Hart JE, Suh H, et al. Particulate matter exposures, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in the health professionals follow-up study. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:1130–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Robertson S, Miller MR. Ambient air pollution and thrombosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018;15:1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Dockery DW, Pope CA 3rd, Xu X, et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1753–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, et al. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:667–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Pope CA 3rd, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, et al. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:669–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002;287:1132–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Gariazzo C, et al. Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of more than a million adults in Rome. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:324–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hart JE, Garshick E, Dockery DW, et al. Long-term ambient multipollutant exposures and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:73–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:447–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang LW, Chen X, Xue XD, et al. Long-term exposure to high particulate matter pollution and cardiovascular mortality: a 12-year cohort study in four cities in northern China. Environ Int. 2014;62:41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wong CM, Lai HK, Tsang H, et al. Satellite-based estimates of long-term exposure to fine particles and association with mortality in elderly Hong Kong residents. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:1167–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Beelen R, Stafoggia M, Raaschou-Nielsen O, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts. Epidemiology. 2014;25:368–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bhatnagar A. Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease. Circ Res. 2006;99:692–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Brook RD. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;115:175–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B, et al. Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation. 2002;105:411–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Furuyama A, Kanno S, Kobayashi T, et al. Extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled fine and ultrafine particles via direct and alveolar macrophage-associated routes. Arch Toxicol. 2009;83:429–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kilinc E, Van Oerle R, Borissoff JI, et al. Factor XII activation is essential to sustain the procoagulant effects of particulate matter. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9:1359–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wold LE, Simkhovich BZ, Kleinman MT, et al. In vivo and in vitro models to test the hypothesis of particle-induced effects on cardiac function and arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2006;6:69–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bolli R, Zughaib M, Li XY, et al. Recurrent ischemia in the canine heart causes recurrent bursts of free radical production that have a cumulative effect on contractile function. A pathophysiological basis for chronic myocardial “stunning”. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:1066–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Ikeda M, Watarai K, Suzuki M, et al. Mechanism of pathophysiological effects of diesel exhaust particles on endothelial cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 1998;6:117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ghio AJ, Kim C, Devlin RB. Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:981–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Salvi S, Blomberg A, Rudell B, et al. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:702–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. van Eeden SF, Tan WC, Suwa T, et al. Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM(10)). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:826–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tornqvist H, Mills NL, Gonzalez M, et al. Persistent endothelial dysfunction in humans after diesel exhaust inhalation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:395–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Brook RD, Urch B, Dvonch JT, et al. Insights into the mechanisms and mediators of the effects of air pollution exposure on blood pressure and vascular function in healthy humans. Hypertension. 2009;54:659–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Peters A, Frohlich M, Doring A, et al. Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg study. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1198–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pekkanen J, Brunner EJ, Anderson HR, et al. Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57:818–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Peters A, Doring A, Wichmann HE, et al. Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality? Lancet. 1997;349:1582–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Frampton MW, Stewart JC, Oberdorster G, et al. Inhalation of ultrafine particles alters blood leukocyte expression of adhesion molecules in humans. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:51–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gurgueira SA, Lawrence J, Coull B, et al. Rapid increases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:749–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Bonzini M, Tripodi A, Artoni A, et al. Effects of inhalable particulate matter on blood coagulation. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:662–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Croft DP, Cameron SJ, Morrell CN, et al. Associations between ambient wood smoke and other particulate pollutants and biomarkers of systemic inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis in cardiac patients. Environ Res. 2017;154:352–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Tabor CM, Shaw CA, Robertson S, et al. Platelet activation independent of pulmonary inflammation contributes to diesel exhaust particulate-induced promotion of arterial thrombosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2016;13:6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Krishnan RM, Adar SD, Szpiro AA, et al. Vascular responses to long- and short-term exposure to fine particulate matter: MESA Air (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2158–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Wan Q, Yang YP, Liu ZY. Puerarin attenuates PM2.5-induced vascular endothelial cells injury via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2016;41:2309–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pope CA 3rd, Bhatnagar A, McCracken JP, et al. Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with endothelial injury and systemic inflammation. Circ Res. 2016;119:1204–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Zhang Y, Ji X, Ku T, et al. Inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction in the hearts of mice co-exposed to SO2, NO2, and PM2.5. Environ Toxicol. 2016;31:1996–2005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Magari SR, Schwartz J, Williams PL, et al. The association between personal measurements of environmental exposure to particulates and heart rate variability. Epidemiology. 2002;13:305–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, et al. Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation. 2000;101:1267–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Devlin RB, Ghio AJ, Kehrl H, et al. Elderly humans exposed to concentrated air pollution particles have decreased heart rate variability. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003;40:76s–80s.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Pope CA 3rd, Hansen ML, Long RW, et al. Ambient particulate air pollution, heart rate variability, and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:339–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Lim YH, Bae HJ, Yi SM, et al. Vascular and cardiac autonomic function and PM2.5 constituents among the elderly: a longitudinal study. Sci Total Environ. 2017;607-608:847–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tobaldini E, Bollati V, Prado M, et al. Acute particulate matter affects cardiovascular autonomic modulation and IFN-gamma methylation in healthy volunteers. Environ Res. 2018;161:97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tong H. Dietary and pharmacological intervention to mitigate the cardiopulmonary effects of air pollution toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1860;2016:2891–8.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Schwartz J, Park SK, O'Neill MS, et al. Glutathione-S-transferase M1, obesity, statins, and autonomic effects of particles: gene-by-drug-by-environment interaction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1529–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Alexeeff SE, Coull BA, Gryparis A, et al. Medium-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and markers of inflammation and endothelial function. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:481–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Ostro B, Malig B, Broadwin R, et al. Chronic PM2.5 exposure and inflammation: determining sensitive subgroups in mid-life women. Environ Res. 2014;132:168–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Frikke-Schmidt H, Roursgaard M, Lykkesfeldt J, et al. Effect of vitamin C and iron chelation on diesel exhaust particle and carbon black induced oxidative damage and cell adhesion molecule expression in human endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett. 2011;203:181–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bo L, Jiang S, Xie Y, et al. Effect of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids on protecting ambient PM2.5-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0152216.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Du X, Jiang S, Bo L, et al. Combined effects of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids on protecting ambient PM2.5-induced cardiovascular injury in rats. Chemosphere. 2017;173:14–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lin H, Liu T, Xiao J, et al. Mortality burden of ambient fine particulate air pollution in six Chinese cities: results from the Pearl River Delta study. Environ Int. 2016;96:91–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shekelle PG, Morton SC, Jungvig LK, et al. Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:380–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, et al. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1610–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8:e56803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2123–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:37–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Romieu I, Tellez-Rojo MM, Lazo M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid prevents heart rate variability reductions associated with particulate matter. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1534–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tong H, Rappold AG, Diaz-Sanchez D, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation appears to attenuate particulate air pollution-induced cardiac effects and lipid changes in healthy middle-aged adults. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:952–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mozaffarian D, Prineas RJ, Stein PK, et al. Dietary fish and n-3 fatty acid intake and cardiac electrocardiographic parameters in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:478–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Samet JM, Rappold A, Graff D, et al. Concentrated ambient ultrafine particle exposure induces cardiac changes in young healthy volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179:1034–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Perona JS, Cabello-Moruno R, Ruiz-Gutierrez V. The role of virgin olive oil components in the modulation of endothelial function. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17:429–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Delgado-Lista J, Garcia-Rios A, Perez-Martinez P, et al. Olive oil and haemostasis: platelet function, thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17:778–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1279–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Tong H, Rappold AG, Caughey M, et al. Dietary supplementation with olive oil or fish oil and vascular effects of concentrated ambient particulate matter exposure in human volunteers. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:1173–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work is supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573112, 81373030, 81703182). Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China

    Zhen An, Juan Li, Wen Li & Weidong Wu

  2. Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China

    Zhen An, Juan Li, Wen Li & Weidong Wu

  3. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China

    Yuefei Jin

Authors
  1. Zhen An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yuefei Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Juan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wen Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Weidong Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Weidong Wu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Allergies and the Environment

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

An, Z., Jin, Y., Li, J. et al. Impact of Particulate Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Health. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 18, 15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-018-0768-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-018-0768-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation