Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Latitude, Sunlight, Vitamin D, and Childhood Food Allergy/Anaphylaxis

  • Anaphylaxis and Drug Allergy (P Lieberman and S Spector, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vitamin D is widely known for its role in bone metabolism, but this sterol hormone also has important immunomodulatory properties. Vitamin D is produced by the conversion of D3 in the skin following UVB exposure, or after ingestion of D2 or D3. At the extremes of latitude, there is insufficient UVB intensity in the autumn and winter months for adequate synthesis of vitamin D to occur. Growing evidence implicates vitamin D deficiency in early life in the pathogenesis of nonskeletal disorders (e. g., type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis) and, more recently, atopic disorders. Several studies have reported higher rates of food allergy/anaphylaxis or proxy measures at higher absolute latitudes. Although causality remains to be determined, these studies suggest a possible role for sunlight and/or vitamin D in the pathogenesis of food allergy/anaphylaxis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •• Of major importance

  1. Australasian Society for Clinical Immunology and Allergy. The economic impact of allergic disease in Australia: not to be sneezed at. ASCIA/Access Economics Report. November 2007 (http://www.allergy.org.au/content/view/324/76/). Accessed May 2011.

  2. Patel DA, Holdford DA, Edwards E, Carroll NV. Estimating the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.03.013.

  3. Lieberman JA, Sicherer SH. Quality of life in food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11:236–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Thyagarajan A, Varshney P, Jones SM, et al. Peanut oral immunotherapy is not ready for clinical use. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:31–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lack G. Epidemiologic risks for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1331–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millennium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:296–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:626–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mansbach JM, Ginde AA, Camargo CA Jr. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among US children aged 1 to 11 years: do children need more vitamin D? Pediatrics. 2009;124:1404–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(suppl):1697S–705S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ginde AA, Sullivan AF, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D insufficiency in pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:436.e1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Camargo CA Jr, Ingham T, Wickens K, et al. The New Zealand asthma and allergy Cohort study group. Vitamin D status of newborns in New Zealand. Br J Nutr. 2010;50:259–61.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eyles D, Anderson C, Ko P, et al. A sensitive LC/MS/MS assay of 25OH vitamin D3 and 25OH vitamin D2 in dried blood spots. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;403:145–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Teale GR, Cunningham CE. Vitamin D deficiency is common among pregnant women in rural Victoria. Aust N Z J Obstes Gynacecol. 2010;50:259–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. •• Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010; 376: 180–8. A genome-wide association study of almost 34,000 Europeans revealed that at least 4 major genes associated with cholesterol synthesis, hydroxylation, and vitamin D transport were associated with marked variation in vitamin D levels.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. •• Merewood A, Mehta SD, Grossman X et al. Widespread vitamin D deficiency in urban Massachusetts newborns and their mothers. Pediatrics. 2010; 125: 640–7. Of 489 maternal–infant pairs, more than 58% of infants and 36% of their mothers were vitamin D deficient, defined as 25(OH)D less than 20 ng/mL, with risk factors being higher maternal body mass index, skin color, and winter birth. Vitamin D sufficiency in the last two trimesters was associated with neonatal sufficiency.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. •• Perampalam S, Ganda K, Chow K et al. Vitamin D status and its predictive factors in pregnancy in 2 Australian populations. Aust N Z J Obstetr Gynaecol. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2011.01313.x. Vitamin D deficiency (defined as 25[OH]D levels <25 nmol/L) was seen in approximately 30% of pregnant women in two Australian cohorts, with risk factors being high body mass index, skin color, and winter birth. Oral vitamin D supplements of 500 IU/d were provided inadequate protection against insufficiency.

  18. Scragg R, Camargo CA Jr. Frequency of leisure-time physical activity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:577–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, et al. Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2006;367:36–43. Erratum in: Lancet. 2006; 367: 1486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thacher TD, Clarke BL. Vitamin D insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:50–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Vassallo MF, Camargo CA Jr. Potential mechanisms for the hypothesized link between sunshine, vitamin D and food allergy in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:217–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Searing DA, Leung DY. Vitamin D in atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2010;30:397–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007;27:145–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lieberman P, Camargo CA Jr, Bohlke K, et al. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: findings of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis Working Group. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:596–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Neugut AI, Ghatak AT, Miller RL. Anaphylaxis in the United States: an investigation into its epidemiology. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:15–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Simons FE, Peterson S, Black CD. Epinephrine dispensing patterns for an out-of-hospital population: a novel approach to studying the epidemiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:647–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Camargo CA Jr, Rifas-Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, et al. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:788–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Camargo CA Jr, Clark S, Kaplan MS, et al. Regional differences in EpiPen prescriptions in the United States: the potential role of vitamin D. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:131–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Staples JA, Ponsonby AL, Lim LL, McMichael AJ. Ecologic analysis of some immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, in Australia: latitude, regional ultraviolet radiation, and disease prevalence. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:518–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mullins RJ, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Regional variation in EpiPen prescriptions in Australia: more evidence for the vitamin D-anaphylaxis hypothesis. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103:488–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Braganza SC, Acworth JP, Mckinnon DR, et al. Paediatric emergency department anaphylaxis: different patterns from adults. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:159–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sheehan WJ, Graham D, Ma L, et al. Higher incidence of pediatric anaphylaxis in northern areas of the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:850–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sheehan WJ, Graham D, Ma L, et al. Higher incidence of pediatric anaphylaxis in southern areas of the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:S185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hughes AM, Lucas RM, Ponsonby AL, et al. The role of latitude, ultraviolet radiation exposure and vitamin D in childhood asthma and hayfever: an Australian multicenter study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:327–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mulla ZD, Lin RY, Simon MR. Perspectives on anaphylaxis epidemiology in the United States with new data and analyses. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011;11:37–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gupta R, Sheikh A, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. Time trends in allergic disorders in the UK. Thorax. 2007;62:91–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Poulos LM, Waters AM, Correll PK, et al. Trends in hospitalizations for anaphylaxis, angioedema, and urticaria in Australia, 1993–1994 to 2004–2005. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:878–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rudders SA, Banerji A, Vassallo MF, et al. Trends in pediatric emergency department visits for food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:385–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sheikh A, Hippisley-Cox J, Newton J, Fenty J. Trends in national incidence, lifetime prevalence and adrenaline prescribing for anaphylaxis in England. J R Soc Med. 2008;101:139–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Decker WW, Campbell RL, Manivannan V, et al. The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester, Minnesota: a report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:1161–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Grundy J, Matthews S, Bateman B, et al. Rising prevalence of allergy to peanut in children: data from 2 sequential cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:784–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mullins RJ, Dear K, Tang ML. Characteristics of childhood peanut allergy in the Australian Capital Territory 1995–2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:689–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Godbold JH, Sampson HA. US prevalence of self-reported peanut, tree nut, and sesame allergy: 11-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:1322–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Koplin JJ, Osborne NJ, Wake M, et al. Can early introduction of egg prevent egg allergy in infants? A population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:807–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Prescott SL, Smith P, Tang M, et al. The importance of early complementary feeding in the development of oral tolerance: concerns and controversies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:375–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mullins RJ, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Socio-economic status, geographic remoteness and childhood food allergy and anaphylaxis in Australia. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:1523–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Joseph CL, Ownby DR, Havstad SL, et al. Early complementary feeding and risk of food sensitization in a birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1203–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mullins RJ, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Regional variation in infant hypoallergenic formula prescriptions in Australia. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(2 Pt 2):e413–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Aalberse RC, Nieuwenhuys EJ, Hey M, Stapel SO. ‘Horoscope effect’ not only for seasonal but also for non-seasonal allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;22:1003–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pyrhönen K, Läärä E, Hiltunen L, et al. Season of the first trimester of pregnancy predicts sensitisation to food allergens in childhood: a population-based cohort study from Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.105411.

  51. Vassallo MF, Banerji AS, Rudders SA, et al. Season of birth is associated with food allergy in children. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104:307–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Mullins RJ, Clarke S, Katelaris CH, et al. Season of birth and childhood food allergy in Australia. Ped Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:583–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Nwaru BI, Ahonen S, Kaila M, et al. Maternal diet during pregnancy and allergic sensitization in the offspring by 5 yrs of age: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(1 Pt 1):29–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. •• Sharief S, Jariwala S, Kumar J et al. Vitamin D levels and food and environmental allergies in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1195–202. 25(OH)D deficiency (defined as <15 ng/mL) was associated with higher rates of sensitization to peanut and inhalant allergens in children and adolescents.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sidbury R, Sullivan AF, Thadhani RI, Camargo CA Jr. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for winter-related atopic dermatitis in Boston: a pilot study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:245–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Dairy food, calcium and vitamin D intake in pregnancy, and wheeze and eczema in infants. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1228–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Camargo CA Jr, Ginde AA, Mansbach JM. Vitamin D, respiratory infections, and obstructive airway diseases. In: Holick MF, editor. Vitamin D: Physiology, molecular biology, and clinical applications. 2nd ed. Totowa: Humana Press; 2010. p. 997–1021.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sandhu MS, Casale TB. The role of vitamin D in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:191–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Brehm JM, Schuemann B, Fuhlbrigge AL, et al. Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:52–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Erkkola M, Kailaw M, Nwaruz BI, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:875–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. •• Hollams EM, Hart PH, Holt BJ et al. Vitamin D and atopy and asthma phenotypes in children: a longitudinal cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2011; in press. Low 25(OH)D levels at age 6 and 14 years were associated with higher rates of sensitization to inhalant allergens in an unselected community birth cohort.

  62. •• Majak P, Olszowiec-Chlebna M, Smejda K, Stelmach I. Vitamin D supplementation in children may prevent asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1294–6. In a double-blind, randomized trial of budesonide alone or budesonide plus vitamin D supplements in 48 patients aged 5 to 18 years, vitamin D–supplemented patients had significant improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 second and fewer infection-related exacerbations in asthma.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1255–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Cametti E, et al. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(5):1078–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10147.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Solé D, Wandalsen GF, Camelo-Nunes IC, Naspitz CK. ISAAC—Brazilian Group. Prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema among Brazilian children and adolescents identified by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)—phase 3. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82:341–6.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Fsadni P, Fsadni C, Fava S, Montefort S. Correlation of worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes (Diamond) with prevalence of asthma and atopic eczema (ISAAC). Clin Respir J. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1752-699X.2011.00239.x.

  67. Weiland SK, Hüsing A, Strachan DP, et al. ISAAC Phase One Study Group. Climate and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema in children. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61:609–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wjst M, Dharmage S, André E, et al. Latitude, birth date, and allergy. PLoS Med. 2005;2(10):e294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wjst M. Introduction of oral vitamin D supplementation and the rise of the allergy pandemic. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2009;5:8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, et al. Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62:68–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hyppönen E, Sovio U, Wjst M, et al. Infant vitamin d supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: northern Finland birth cohort 1966. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1037:84–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kull I, Bergström A, Melén E, et al. Early-life supplementation of vitamins A and D, in water-soluble form or in peanut oil, and allergic diseases during childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1299–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. de Montis G, Truong M, Toussaint B, et al. Peanut sensitization and oily solution vitamin preparations. Arch Pediatr. 1995;2:25–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Moro JR, Iwata M, von Andriano UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:685–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Rothers J, Wright AL, Stern DA et al. Cord blood 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with aeroallergen sensitization in children from Tucson, Arizona. J Allergy Clin. Immunol 2011 (in press).

  76. Raby BA, Lazarus R, Silverman EK, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with childhood and adult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1057–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hyppönen E, Berry DJ, Wjst M, Power C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and IgE—a significant but nonlinear relationship. Allergy. 2009;64:613–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Zittermann A, Dembinski J, Stehle P. Low vitamin D status is associated with low cord blood levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15:242–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hartmann B, Heine G, Babina M, et al. Targeting the vitamin D receptor inhibits the B cell-dependent allergic immune response. Allergy. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02513.x.

  80. Milovanovic M, Heine G, Hallatschek W, et al. Vitamin D receptor binds to the ε germline gene promoter and exhibits transrepressive activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:1016–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. •• van der Aar AM, Sibiryak DS, Bakdash G et al. Vitamin D3 targets epidermal and dermal dendritic cells for induction of distinct regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.068. In this in vitro study, vitamin D3–primed human dendritic cells induced tolerogenic regulatory T cells expressing interleukin-10.

  82. •• Camargo CA Jr, Ingham T, Wickens K et al. New Zealand Asthma and Allergy Cohort Study Group. Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e180–7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-0442. Low cord blood 25(OH)D levels were associated with increased risk of respiratory infection and wheezing in early life, but not incident asthma at age 5 years.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:853–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Roth DE. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: safety considerations in the design and interpretation of clinical trials. J Perinatol. 2011;31(7):449–59. doi:10.1038/jp.2010.203.

  85. •• Stalgis-Bilinski KL, Boyages J, Salisbury EL et al. Burning daylight: balancing vitamin D requirements with sensible sun exposure. Med J Aust. 2011;194:345–8. This examination of sun exposure and vitamin D production showed it would be difficult to obtain sufficient vitamin D without exposing the skin to levels of UVR at which sun protection is currently recommended.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure

Dr. Mullins has received unrestricted investigator-initiated grants from Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Australia and Alphapharm Australia, Abbott Nutrition Australia, and the Ilhan Food Allergy Foundation.

Dr. Camargo has received investigator-initiated research grants from and served as a consultant for Dey Pharma and Sanofi-Aventis. Study sponsors had no input into the contents of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raymond James Mullins.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mullins, R.J., Camargo, C.A. Latitude, Sunlight, Vitamin D, and Childhood Food Allergy/Anaphylaxis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 12, 64–71 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-011-0230-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-011-0230-7

Keywords

Navigation