Abstract
The primary route of COVID-19 infection is airborne transmission, which occurs when an infected person's aerosol droplets are inhaled. To mitigate the spread of the airborne virus, maintaining proper indoor air quality (IAQ) levels is essential. Children are more vulnerable to poor IAQ because they breathe more air per unit of weight and are more susceptible to heat, cold and moisture. Cohesive information based on interventions to control IAQ is essential for making informed decisions on their deployment and greater uptake. We seek to fill this information gap by synthesizing the available scientific literature through this comprehensive study which examines the indoor air pollutants in school buildings and their respective health effects on children with the latest policy interventions and proposes a path for the future school environment. It is reported that high carbon dioxide (CO2) level causes lethargy and sleepiness leading to poor school attendance, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and lung cancer, particulate matter (PM) causes cardiovascular disease and asthma. Proper ventilation improved the test scores of students and chalkboards usage resulted in chalk dust, contributing to PM10 concentration. The leading causes of poor IAQ are inappropriate building envelopes, inadequate ventilation and lack of appropriate legislative interventions. No one technique has been identified as the only effective way to limit exposure to contaminants, but their combined use can be efficient in the majority of situations. For the best effects, more research is required on evaluating integrated interventions and how to synchronize their operations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data is available online at “https://www.scidb.cn/en/anonymous/ejZSYmF5”.
Supplementary material containing “List of final sample of documents included in the review” can be accessed.
References
Afshari A, Hultmark G, Nielsen PV, Maccarini A (2021) Ventilation system design and the coronavirus (COVID-19). Front Built Environ 7(2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.662489
Aiano F et al. (2021) COVID-19 outbreaks following full reopening of primary and secondary schools in england: retrospective, cross-sectional national surveillance, January 14, Available atSSRN, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3766014 , 202.DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3766014
Alfano V, Ercolano S, Cicatiello L (2021) School openings and the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. A provincial-level analysis using the synthetic control method. Health Policy 125(9):1200–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.06.010
Ali HH, Almomani HM, Hindeih M (2009a) Evaluating indoor environmental quality of public school buildings in Jordan. Indoor Built Environ 18(1):66–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X08100760
Alwisy A, BuHamdan S, Gül M (2019) Evidence-based ranking of green building design factors according to leading energy modelling tools. Sustain Cities Soc 47:101491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101491
Andualem Z, Gizaw Z, Bogale L et al (2019) Indoor bacterial load and its correlation to physical indoor air quality parameters in public primary schools. Multidiscip Respir Med 14:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-018-0167-y
Babayiğit MA, Bakir B, ÖF TEKBAŞ, Oğur R, Kilic A, Ulus S (2014) Indoor air quality in primary schools in Keçiören, Ankara. Turk J Med Sci 44(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1212-22
Bakó-Biró Z, Clements-Croome DJ, Kochhar N, Awbi HB, Williams MJ (2012) Ventilation rates in schools and pupils’ performance. Buildi Environ 48:215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.08.018
Bălă GP, Râjnoveanu RM, Tudorache E, Motișan R, Oancea C (2021) Air pollution exposure—the (in) visible risk factor for respiratory diseases. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:19615–19628
Baumgarte S, Hartkopf F, Hölzer M, von Kleist M, Neitz S, Kriegel M et al (2022) Investigation of a Limited but Explosive COVID-19 Outbreak in a German Secondary School. Viruses 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010087
Bernstein JA, Alexis N, Bacchus H, Bernstein IL, Fritz P, Horner E, Li N, Mason S, Nel A, Oullette J et al (2008) The health e_ects of nonindustrial indoor air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:585–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.045
Blocken B, van Druenen T, van Hooff T, Verstappen PA, Marchal T, Marr LC (2020) Can indoor sports centers be allowed to re-open during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a certificate of equivalence? Build Environ 180:107022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107022
Blondeau P, Iordache V, Poupard O, Genin D, Allard F (2005) Relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight French schools. Indoor Air 15(1):2–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00263.x
Braniš M, Šafránek J, Hytychová A (2009) Exposure of children to airborne particulate matter of different size fractions during indoor physical education at school. Build Environ 44(6):1246–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.09.010
Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, PopeIII CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA et al (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 121:2331–2378. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
Canha N, Mandin C, Ramalho O, Wyart G, Ribéron J, Dassonville C, Derbez M (2015) Exposure assessment of allergens and metals in settled dust in french nursery and elementary schools. Atmosphere 6(11):1676–1694. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6111676
Chan WR, Li X, Singer BC, Pistochini T, Vernon D, Outcault S, Sanguinetti A, Modera M (2020) Ventilation rates in California classrooms: why many recent HVAC retrofits are not delivering sufficient ventilation. Build Environ 167:106426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106426
Chatzidiakou L, Mumovic D, Summerfield A (2015b) Is CO2 a good proxy for indoor air quality in classrooms? Part 1: the interrelationships between thermal conditions, CO2 levels, ventilation rates and selected indoor pollutants. Build Services Eng Res Technol 36:129–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624414566244
Chatzidiakou L, Mumovic D, Summerfield AJ, Tàubel M, Hyvärinen A (2015a) Indoor air quality in London schools. Part 2: long-term integrated assessment. Intell Build Int 7(2-3):130–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2014.918871
Chenari B, Carrilho JD, Da Silva MG et al (2016) Towards sustainable, energy-efficient and healthy ventilation strategies in buildings: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 59:1426–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.074
Chithra VS, Nagendra SS (2012) Indoor air quality investigations in a naturally ventilated school building located close to an urban roadway in Chennai, India. Build Environ 54:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.016
Chithra VS, Nagendra SS (2013) Chemical and morphological characteristics of indoor and outdoor particulate matter in an urban environment. Atmos Environ 77:579–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.044
Chithra VS, Nagendra SS (2014) Characterising and predicting coarse and fine particulates in classrooms located close to an urban roadway. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 64:945–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.894483
Curtius J, Granzin M, Schrod J (2020) Testing mobile air purifiers in a school classroom: reducing the airborne transmission risk for SARS-CoV-2. Aerosol Sci Technol 55(5):586–599. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.02.20205633
De Gennaro G, Dambruoso PR, Loiotile AD, Di Gilio A, Giungato P, Tutino M, Porcelli F (2014) Indoor air quality in schools. Environ Chem Lett 12(4):467–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-014-0470-6
Dietz L, Horve PF, Coil DA, Fretz M, Eisen JA, Van Den Wymelenberg K (2020) 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: built environment considerations to reduce transmission. mSystems:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00245-20
Ding E, Zhang D, Bluyssen PM (2022) Ventilation regimes of school classrooms against airborne transmission of infectious respiratory droplets: a review. Build Environ 207:108484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108484
Dondi A, Carbone C, Manieri E, Zama D, Del Bono C, Betti L et al (2023) Outdoor air pollution and childhood respiratory disease: the role of oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 24(5):4345
Du CR, Wang SC, Yu MC, Chiu TF, Wang JY, Chuang PC et al (2020) Effect of ventilation improvement during a tuberculosis outbreak in underventilated university buildings. Indoor Air 30(3):422–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12639
Duval D, Palmer JC, Tudge I, Pearce-Smith N, O’Connell E, Bennett A et al (2022) Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: rapid systematic review. BMJ 29(377):e068743. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068743
El-Hougeiri N, El Fadel M (2004) Correlation of indoor-outdoor air quality in urban areas. Indoor Built Environ 13(6):421–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X04049344
Elias B, Bar-Yam Y (2020) Could Air Filtration Reduce COVID-19 Severity and Spread? Complex Syst. Inst, New England https://necsi.edu/could-air-filtration-reduce-covid19-severity-and-spread
EPA (2015) Best practices for reducing near-road pollution exposure at schools (2015). https://www.epa.gov/schools/best-practices-reducing-near-road-pollutionexposureschools. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/ochp_2015_near_road_pollution_booklet_v16_508.pdf
EPA History (2022) Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change. (Accessed 18.06.2023)
EWP (2020) The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution. (Accessed 28 july 2023)
Eykelbosh A (2021) Indoor CO 2 sensors for COVID-19 risk mitigation Curr. Guid Limitat 2021:1–13 https://ncceh.ca/resources/evidence-reviews/indoor-co2-sensors-covid-19-risk-mitigation-current-guidance-and
Fernández-Luna Á, Burillo P, Felipe JL, Gallardo L, Tamaral FM (2013) Chlorine concentrations in the air of indoor swimming pools and their effects on swimming pool workers. Gac Sanit 27(5):411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.02.002
Fisk WJ (2017) The ventilation problem in schools: literature review. Indoor Air 27:1039–1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12403
Fromme H, Twardella D, Dietrich S, Heitmann D, Schierl R, Liebl B, Rüden H (2007) Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms—exploratory results from Munich and surrounding area. Atmos Environ 41(4):854–866. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2014.918871
Gadkari N, Pervez S (2008) Source apportionment of personal exposure of fine particulates among school communities in India. Environ Monit Assess 142(1-3):227–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9927-4
Gomis LL, Fiorentini M, Daly D (2021) Potential and practical management of hybrid ventilation in buildings. Energy Build 231, 110597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110597
Goyal R, Khare M (2009) Indoor–outdoor concentrations of RSPM in classroom of a naturally ventilated school building near an urban traffic roadway. Atmos Environ 43(38):6026–6038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.031
Goyal R, Khare M (2011) Indoor air quality modeling for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. 0 in naturally ventilated classrooms of an urban Indian school building. Environ Monit Assess 176(1-4):501–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1600-7
Goyal R, Khare M, Kumar P (2012) Indoor air quality: current status, missing links and future road map for India. J Civil Environ Eng 2(4):1000118. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-784X.1000118
Griffiths M, Eftekhari M (2008) Control of CO2 in a naturally ventilated classroom. Energ Buildings 40(4):556–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.04.013
Habil M, Massey DD, Taneja A (2013) Exposure of children studying in schools of India to PM levels and metal contamination: sources and their identification. Air Qual Atmos Health 6(3):575–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-013-0201-3
Habil M, Taneja A (2011) Children’s exposure to indoor particulate matter in naturally ventilated schools in India. Indoor Built Environ 20(4):430–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X11409455
Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Moschandreas DJ, Shaughnessy RJ (2011) Association between substandard classroom ventilation rates and students’ academic achievement. Indoor Air 21(2):121–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00686.x
Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Shaughnessy RJ (2015) Effects of classroom ventilation rate and temperature on students’ test scores. PLoS One 10(8):e0136165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136165
Hochstetler HA, Yermakov M, Reponen T, Ryan PH, Grinshpun SA (2011) Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children’s exposure. Atmos Environ 45(7):1444–1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.018
Hou Y, Liu J, Li J (2015) Investigation of indoor air quality in primary school classrooms. Procedia Eng 121:830–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.09.037
Hsieh HF, Shannon SE (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res 15(9):1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Igwe AE, Ezeobi AA, Okeke FO, Ibem EO, Ezema EC (2023) Causes and remedies of sick building syndrome: a systematic review. In: In E3S Web of Conferences, vol 434. EDP Sciences, p 02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343402007
Im Kampe EO, Lehfeld AS, Buda S, Buchholz U, Haas W (2020) Surveillance of COVID-19 school outbreaks, Germany, March to August 2020. Eurosurveillance 25(38):2001645. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.38.2001645
Italian Health Institut (ISS) - Report ISS COVID-19 n. 63/2020 “Apertura dellescuole e andamentodeicasiconfermati di SARS-CoV-2: la situazione in Italia” pp. 16. https://www.iss.it/documents/20126/0/Rapporto+ISS+COVID19+n.+63_2020.pdf/7b3d3626-3982-f7a1-86ef-1ede83e170a4?t=1609758939391.
Izadyar N, Miller W (2022) Ventilation strategies and design impacts on indoor airborne transmission: a review. Build Environ 218:109158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109158
Janssen NA, van Vliet PH, Aarts F, Harssema H, Brunekreef B (2001) Assessment of exposure to traffic related air pollution of children attending schools near motorways. Atmos Environ 35(22):3875–3884. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00144-3
Kang K, Kim T, Kim DD (2023) An investigation of concentration and health impacts of aldehydes associated with cooking in 29 residential buildings. Indoor Air 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2463386
Kaur H, Garg P (2019) Urban sustainability assessment tools: a review. J Clean Prod 210:146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.009
Khan MMH, Bashir MT, Sikandar MA, Alrowais R, Syed S, Zahid N et al (2023) Green Buildings and Indoor Air Quality: A Health and Technological Review. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0368.v1
Kingham S, Durand M, Harrison J, Cavanagh J, Epton M (2008) Temporal variations in particulate exposure to wood smoke in a residential school environment. Atmos Environ 42(19):4619–4631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.064
Konbr U (2017) Studying the indoor air pollution within the residential buildings in egypt as a factor of sustainability. JES J Eng Sci 45(5):722–741. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2017.116874
Konstantinou C, Constantinou A, Kleovoulou EG, Kyriacou A, Kakoulli C, Milis G, Makris KC (2022) Assessment of indoor and outdoor air quality in primary schools of Cyprus during the COVID–19 pandemic measures in May–July 2021. Heliyon 8(5):e09354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09354
Krawczyk DA, Wadolowska B (2018) Analysis of indoor air parameters in an education building. Energy Procedia 147:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.038
Kumar P, Morawska L (2019) Could fighting airborne transmission be the next line of defence against COVID-19 spread? City Environ Interact 4:100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2020.100033
Kumar P, Omidvarborna H, Barwise Y, Tiwari A, Agudelo D, Olaya Y, Larrahondo JS, Rojas N, Cruz D, Osorio S, (2020a). Mitigating exposure to traffic pollution in and around schools: guidance for children, schools and local communities. https://www.surrey.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-01/mitigating-childrens-exposure-to-traffic-pollution-english-version.pdf
Kumar P, Omidvarborna H, Pilla F, Lewin N (2020b) A primary school driven initiative to influence commuting style for dropping-off and picking-up of pupils. Sci Total Environ 727:138360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138360
Kumar P, Singh AB, Arora T, Singh S, Singh R (2023) Critical review on emerging health effects associated with the indoor air quality and its sustainable management. Sci Total Environ 872:162163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162163
Lawrence AJ, Taneja A (2005) An investigation of indoor air quality in rural residential houses in India-A case study. Indoor Built Environ 14(3-4):321–329 http://ibe.sagepub.com/content/14/3-4/321.short
Lee SC, Chang M (2000) Indoor and outdoor air quality investigation at schools in Hong Kong. Chemosphere 41(1):109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00396-3
Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Shiu EYC et al (2020) Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med 26:676–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2
Liao J, Ye W, Pillarisetti A, Clasen TF (2019, 2019) Modeling the impact of an indoor air filter on air pollution exposure reduction and associated mortality in Urban Delhi household. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081391
Lowther SD, Deng W, Fang Z, Booker D, Whyatt DJ, Wild O, Wang X, Jones KC (2020) How efficiently can HEPA purifiers remove priority fine and ultrafine particles from indoor air? Environ Int 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106001
Luongo JC, Fennelly KP, Keen JA, Zhai ZJ, Jones BW, Miller SL (2016) Role of mechanical ventilation in the airborne transmission of infectious agents in buildings. Indoor Air 26(5):666–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12267
Ma F, Zhan C, Xiaoyang X (2019) Investigation and evaluation of winter indoor air quality of primary schools in severe cold weather areas of China. Energies 12(9):1602. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091602
Ma N, Aviv D, Guo H, Braham WW (2021) Measuring the right factors: A review of variables and models for thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Renew Sust Energ Rev 135:110436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110436
Madureira J, Paciência I, Fernandes EDO (2012) Levels and indoor–outdoor relationships of size-specific particulate matter in naturally ventilated Portuguese schools. J Toxic Environ Health A 75(22-23):1423–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2012.721177
Madureira J, Paciência I, Rufo J, Ramos E, Barros H, Teixeira JP, de Oliveira Fernandes E (2015) Indoor air quality in schools and its relationship with children’s respiratory symptoms. Atmos Environ 118:145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.028
Maesano AI, Baiz N, Banerjee S, Rudnai P, Rive S, Sinphonie Group (2013) Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects. J Toxic Environ Health, Part B 16(8):491–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2013.853609
Mainka A, Brągoszewska E, Kozielska B, Pastuszka JS, Zajusz-Zubek E (2015) Indoor air quality in urban nursery schools in Gliwice, Poland: analysis of the case study. Atmos Pollut Res 6(6):1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.06.007
Majd E, McCormack M, Davis M, Curriero F, Berman J, Connolly F, Leaf P, Rule A, Green T, Clemons-Erby D, Gummerson C, Koehler K (2019) Indoor air quality in inner-city schools and its associations with building characteristics and environmental factors. Environ Res 170:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.012
Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020) Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Front Public Health 8:14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
Mannan M, Al-Ghamdi SG (2021) Indoor air quality in buildings: a comprehensive review on the factors influencing air pollution in residential and commercial structure. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(6):3276
Marca CN, le classifocolaiosono 164” (2021). (“Covid in the Marca Region,school outbreaks are 164”) Tribuna Treviso local newspaper. https://tribunatreviso.gelocal.it/treviso/cronaca/2021/04/26/news/covid-nella-marca-le-classi-focolaio-sono-164-a-scuola-il-virus-dilaga-1.40201563.
McConnell R, Islam T, Shankardass K, Jerrett M, Lurmann F, Gilliland F, Gauderman J, Avol E, Künzli N, Yao L, Peters J, Berhane K (2010) Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school. Environ Health Perspect 118(7):1021–1026. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901232
Mendell MJ, Eliseeva EA, Davies MM, Spears M, Lobscheid A, Fisk WJ, Apte MG (2013) Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absence: a prospective study in California elementary schools. Indoor Air 23:515. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12042
Mendell MJ, Heath GA (2005) Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air 15(1):27–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x
Milton DK, Glencross PM, Walters MD (2000) Risk of sick leave associated with outdoor air supply rate, humidification, and occupant complaints. Indoor Air 10(4):212–221. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004212.x
Moldavska A, Welo T (2017) The concept of sustainable manufacturing and its definitions: a content-analysis based literature review. J Clean Prod 166:744–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.006
Morawska L, Milton DK (2020) It is time to address airborne transmission of COVID19. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa939
Morawska L, Tang JW, Bahnfleth W et al (2020) How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ Int 142:105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832.ISSN0160-4120
Mousavi ES, Kananizadeh N, Martinello RA, Sherman JD (2021) COVID-19 outbreak and hospital air quality: a systematic review of evidence on air filtration and recirculation. Environ Sci Technol 55(2021):4134–4147. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03247
Mullen NA, Bhangar S, Hering SV, Kreisberg NM, Nazaroff WW (2011) Ultrafine particle concentrations and exposures in six elementary school classrooms in northern California. Indoor Air 21(1):77–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00690.x
Nagendra SS, Harika PS (2010) Indoor air quality assessment in a school building in Chennai City, India. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 136:275–286 https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/136/21115
Nazarenko Y (2021) Air filtration and SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiol Health 42(2021):19–21. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020049
Nembhard MD, Burton DJ, Cohen JM (2020) Ventilation use in nonmedical settings during COVID-19: cleaning protocol, maintenance, and recommendations. Toxicol Ind Health 36(2020):644–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233720967528
Nishiura H, Oshitani H, Kobayashi T, Saito T, Sunagawa T, Matsui T, Suzuki M (2020) Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029272
Özdamar M, Umaroğullari F (2018) Thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Int J Sci Res Innov Technol 5(3):2313–3759 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melek-Oezdamar Seitablaiev/publication/326324068_THERMAL_COMFORT_AND_INDOOR_AIR_QUALITY/links/5b4f25eba6fdcc8dae288113/THERMAL-COMFORT-AND-INDOOR-AIR-QUALITY.pdf
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg 88:105906. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Park JH, Lee TJ, Park MJ, Oh H, Jo YM (2020) Effects of air cleaners and school characteristics on classroom concentrations of particulate matter in 34 elementary schools in Korea. Build Environ 167(2020):106437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106437
Pereira LD, Cardoso E, da Silva MG (2015) Indoor air quality audit and evaluation on thermal comfort in a school in Portugal. Indoor Built Environ 24(2):256–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X13508966
PHE (2019) Improving outdoor air quality and health: review of interventions - GOV.UK,2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/improving-outdoor-air-qualityand-health-review-of-interventions. (accessed 28.07.23)
Poirier B, Guyot G, Woloszyn M, Geoffroy H, Ondarts M, Gonze E (2021) Development of an assessment methodology for IAQ ventilation performance in residential buildings: an investigation of relevant performance indicators. J Build Eng 43:103140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103140
REHVA (2020) How to Operate and Use Building Services in Order to Prevent the Spread of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Workplaces, Rehva. https://www.rehva.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/REHVA_COVID-19_guidance_document_ver2_20200403_1.pdf
Rosbach JT, Vonk M, Duijm F et al (2013) A ventilation intervention study in classrooms to improve indoor air quality: the FRESH study. Environ Health 12:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-110
Sadrizadeh S, Yao R, Yuan F, Awbi H, Bahnfleth W, Bi Y, Cao G, Croitoru C, de Dear R, FariborzHaghighat PK, MojtabaMalayeri FN, Ruud M, ParastooSadeghian PW, Xiong J, Wei Y, Li B (2022) Indoor air quality and health in schools: a critical review for developing the roadmap for the future school environment. J Build Eng:104908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104908
Salleh NM, Kamaruzzaman SN, Sulaiman R, Mahbob NS (2011). Indoor air quality at school: ventilation rates and it impacts towards children – A review. 2nd International Conference on Environment Science and Technology (ICEST 2011), V2-418-422. https://core.ac.uk/reader/162013880
Salonen H, Salthammer T, andMorawska, L. (2019) Human exposure to NO2 in school and office indoor environments. Environ Int 130:104887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.081
Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L (2018) Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor environments. Environ Int 119:503–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.012
Santamouris M, Synnefa A, Asssimakopoulos M, Livada I, Pavlou K, Papaglastra M et al (2008) Experimental investigation of the air flow and indoor carbon dioxide concentration in classrooms with intermittent natural ventilation. Energ Build 40(10):1833–1843 https://ur.booksc.me/book/3067634/6320f1
Santos AF, Gaspar PD, Hamandosh A, Aguiar EB, Guerra Filho AC, Souza HJ (2020) Best practices on HVAC design to minimize the risk of COVID-19 infection within indoor environments. Braz Arch Biol Technol 63:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020200335
Scheff PA, Paulius VK, Curtis L, Conroy LM (2000a) Indoor air quality in a middle school, Part II: development of emission factors for particulate matter and bioaerosols. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 15(11):835–842. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220050175715
Scheff PA, Paulius VK, Huang SW, Conroy LM (2000b) Indoor air quality in a middle school, part I: use of CO2 as a tracer for effective ventilation. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 15(11):824–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220050175706
Seow WJ, Downward GS, Wei H, Rothman N, Reiss B, Xu J, Bassig BA, Li J, He J, Hosgood HD et al (2016) Indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide from burning solid fuels for cooking and heating in Yunnan province, China. Indoor Air 26:776–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12251
Shendell DG, Prill R, Fisk WJ, Apte MG, Blake D, Faulkner D (2004a) Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho. Indoor Air 14(5):333–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00251.x
Shendell DG, Winer AM, Weker R, Colome SD (2004b) Evidence of inadequate ventilation in portable classrooms: results of a pilot study in Los Angeles County. Indoor Air 14(3):154–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00235.x
Simanic B, Nordquist B, Bagge H, Johansson D (2019) Indoor air temperatures, CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates: long-term measurements in newly built low-energy schools in Sweden. J Build Eng 25:100827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100827
Singh, SK, Purohit, G, Lalwani, G, and Sharma, BP (2012) Assessment of Impact on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate of Lungs of School Children due to exposure to Air Pollutants from Cement Manufacturing Plants. https://www.ripublication.com/ijeem17/ijeemv8n1_01.pdf
Son YS (2023) A review on indoor and outdoor factors affecting the level of particulate matter in classrooms of elementary schools. J Build Eng:106957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106957
Sui X, Tian Z, Liu H, Chen H, Wang D (2021) Field measurements on indoor air quality of a residential building in Xi'an under different ventilation modes in winter. J Build Eng 42:2352–7102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103040
Szoboszlai Z, Furu E, Angyal A, Szikszai Z, Kertész Z (2011) Investigation of indoor aerosols collected at various educational institutions in Debrecen, Hungary. X-Ray Spectrometry 40(3):176–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1323
Tang X, Misztal PK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH (2015) Siloxanes are the most abundant volatile organic compound emitted from engineering students in a classroom. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2015(2):303–307. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00256
Tran DT, Alleman LY, Coddeville P, Galloo JC (2012) Elemental characterisation and source identification of size resolved atmospheric particles in French classrooms. Atmos Environ 54:250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.021
Tran VV, Park D, Lee YC (2020a) Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(8):2927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082927
Tsakas MP, Siskos PA (2011) Indoor air quality in the control tower of Athens international airport, Greece. Indoor Built Environ 20(2):284–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X10381108
UBA Kreuscher, (2008). Guidelines for indoor air hygiene in school buildings. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/guidelines-for-indoor-air-hygiene-in-school. (Accessed 25.07.2022)
UNEP, (2021). Why legislation is needed to curb air pollution. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/why-legislation-needed-curb-air-pollution. (Accessed 18.06.2023)
UNEP Year Book (2014) emerging issues update Air Pollution: World’s Worst Environmental Health Risk. http://www.cytothesis.us/3.0/UNEP-Year-Book.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2023
US EPA (2016) NAAQS Table. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table. Accessed 19 June 2023
US EPA (2022) Guide for Indoor Air Quality in Schools. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/reference-guide-indoor-air-qualityschools. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/reference-guide-indoor-air-qualityschools. (Accessed 20.07.2023)
Vilcekova S, Burdova EK (2015) Rating of indoor environmental quality in systems of sustainability assessment of buildings. J Civil Eng, Environ Architect 32:459–467. https://doi.org/10.7862/rb.2015.210
Wargocki P, Porras-Salazar JA, Contreras-Espinoza S, andBahnfleth, W. (2020) The relationships between classroom air quality and children’s performance in school. Build Environ 173:106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106749
Wei G, Yu X, Fang L, Wang Q, Tanaka T, Amano K, Yang X (2022) A review and comparison of the indoor air quality requirements in selected building standards and certifications. Build Environ 226:109709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109709
Wei W, Ramalho O, Mandin C (2015) Indoor air quality requirements in green building certifications. Build Environ 92:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.03.035
Wheeler AJ, Williams I, Beaumont RA, Hamilton RS (2000) Characterisation of particulate matter sampled during a study of children’s personal exposure to airborne particulate matter in a UK urban environment. In: Urban Air Quality: Measurement, Modelling and Management. Springer, Netherlands, pp 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0932-4_8
WHO (2021) What are the WHO Air quality guidelines?. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/what-are-the-who-air-quality-guidelines. Accessed 28 July 2023
WHO Europe (2015) School environment: policies and current status. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/276624/School-environment-Policies-currentstatus-en.pdf. (Accessed 20.07.2023)
World Health Organization (WHO) (2009) Natural ventilation for infection control in health care settings. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44167. Accessed 20 July 2023
World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127. Accessed 25 July 2023
Xiao S, Li Y, Sung M, Wei J, Yang Z (2018) A study of the probable transmission routes of MERS-CoV during the first hospital outbreak in the Republic of Korea. Indoor Air 28(1):51–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12430
Yu CW, Kim JT (2011) Building environmental assessment schemes for rating of IAQ in sustainable buildings. Indoor Built Environ 20(1):5–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X10397780
Yu ITS, Li Y, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan AT, Lee JHW et al (2004) Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med 350(17):1731–1739. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032867
Zhang G, Spickett J, Rumchev K, Lee AH, Stick S (2006) Indoor environmental quality in a ‘low allergen’ school and three standard primary schools in Western Australia. Indoor Air 16(1):74–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00405.x
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Idea of the topic and literature search performed by Venu Shree, Harsimran Kaur,Varun Goel,Kuber Singh Mehra. Data curation, Writing, Original draft prepared by Kuber Singh Mehra, Varun Goel, Himanshu Goel. Reviewing and Editing done by Kuber Singh Mehra,Venu Shree, Harsimran Kaur,Varun Goel, Himanshu Goel. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Shree, V., Kaur, H., Mehra, K.S. et al. A comprehensive assessment of IAQ role in ensuring environment quality and health in schools and plan for future school environment: a systematic review. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01585-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01585-4