Abstract
This study investigated the concentration level of PM2.5 and its chemical compositions measured in an urban area in Hanoi city, Vietnam, during July 2020. The average value of daily PM2.5 concentrations measured for the whole sampling period was slightly lower than the national standard for ambient air quality. However, there were the polluted days when PM2.5 daily concentrations exceeded the national standard in which the average concentration level was 1.82 times higher than that for the non-polluted days when PM2.5 daily concentration was below the national standard. The organic matter (OM) (including OC) and anthropogenic secondary species (NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+) were found to be the major contributors to PM2.5 measured in the study area. Analysis of relationships among PM2.5 chemical compositions showed the strong correlations among NH4+, SO42−, and NO3−, implying a common trend in occurrence of these species in the atmosphere. The low NO3−/SO42− ratio suggested that stationary emissions are an important source of airborne pollutants in urban atmosphere in Hanoi. The high OC/EC ratios were influenced by either biomass burning or formation of secondary organic aerosol contributed to the high OC measured during the summer period. The characterization of aerosol associated with different air mass types showed that PM2.5 concentrations measured during July 2020 were mainly associated with three types of air mass: purely continental air masses (type I, relatively high PM2.5 period), a mix of maritime and dominant continental air masses (type II, PM2.5 pollution period), and a mix of continental and dominant maritime air masses (type III, low PM2.5 period). Different types of air masses with different origins and pathways coupled with the impacts of regional/local emission sources and atmospheric processes in different periods were considered as the key factors determining the chemical signatures of PM2.5, measured at the sampling site in Hanoi city during July 2020.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the NAFOSTED for providing the financial support for this research under the grant number 01/2020/ĐX. The authors also would like to thank the Laboratory for Analysis and Control of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, for the support in carbonaceous analysis. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory for the provision of the HYSPLIT trajectory model and/or READY website (https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php) used in this publication.
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This research received funding from Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under the grant number 01/2020/ĐX.
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Luong, N.D., Hieu, B.T., Trung, B.Q. et al. Investigation of sources and processes influencing variation of PM2.5 and its chemical compositions during a summer period of 2020 in an urban area of Hanoi city, Vietnam. Air Qual Atmos Health 15, 235–253 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01100-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01100-z