Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure 20 trace elements in PM2.5 from the Tangshan heavy industry areas. The variation characteristics, potential sources, and health risks of these trace elements were analyzed in great detail within the research area. The results showed that the annual total concentration of the 20 elements in the research area did not change significantly from 2016 to 2017, and the contributions of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, and Fe were very high, accounting for 89–96% of the total concentration. The concentrations of these elements were higher during the day than they were at night, and the concentrations in the spring and winter were higher than they were in the summer and autumn. Five potential sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and enrichment factors (EFs). Traffic, dust source, oil combustion, coal combustion, and industrial sources contributed 17.80%, 12.2%, 8.8%, 7.7%, and 53.5% to the total trace elements, respectively. The contribution of each source was significantly different during different seasons. Industrial sources including steel industry and cement production were the largest source; nearly 70% of the total trace elements in the winter of 2017 were from industrial sources. The health risk assessment reflected that the cancer risks of Cr, Ni, and Cd to adults, and Cr to children were higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10−6). Furthermore, Mn had a potential non-carcinogenic risk to children and adults, which should be given more attention by relevant departments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal A, Mangal A, Satsangi A, Lakhani A, Maharaj Kumari K (2017) Characterization, sources and health risk analysis of PM 2.5 bound metals during foggy and non-foggy days in sub-urban atmosphere of Agra. Atmos Res 197:121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.027
Almeida SM, Lage J, Fernandez B et al (2015) Chemical characterization of atmospheric particles and source apportionment in the vicinity of a steelmaking industry. Sci Total Environ 521-522:411–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.112
Cetin B, Yatkin S, Bayram A, Odabasi M (2007) Ambient concentrations and source apportionment of PCBs and trace elements around an industrial area in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere. 69(8):1267–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.064
Chen J, Tan M, Li Y, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Shan Z, Zhang G, Li Y (2008) Characteristics of trace elements and lead isotope ratios in PM(2.5) from four sites in Shanghai. J Hazard Mater 156(1–3):36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.122
Chen P, Bi X, Zhang J, Wu J, Feng Y (2015) Assessment of heavy metal pollution characteristics and human health risk of exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Tianjin, China. Particuology. 20:104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.04.020
Chen J, Lu J, Ning J, Yan Y, Li S, Zhou L (2019) Pollution characteristics, sources, and risk assessment of heavy metals and perfluorinated compounds in PM2.5 in the major industrial city of northern Xinjiang, China. Air Qual Atmos Health 12(8):909–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00706-8
Clements N, Eav J, Xie M, Hannigan MP, Miller SL, Navidi W, Peel JL, Schauer JJ, Shafer MM, Milford JB (2014) Concentrations and source insights for trace elements in fine and coarse particulate matter. Atmos Environ 89:373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.011
Dai S, Ren D, Chou C-L, Finkelman RB, Seredin VV, Zhou Y (2012) Geochemistry of trace elements in Chinese coals: a review of abundances, genetic types, impacts on human health, and industrial utilization. Int J Coal Geol 94:3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2011.02.003
Dai Q, Bi X, Wu J et al (2015) Characterization and source identification of heavy metals in ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in an integrated iron and steel industry zone compared with a background site. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15(3):875–887. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.09.0226
Duan J, Tan J (2013) Atmospheric heavy metals and arsenic in China: situation, sources and control policies. Atmos Environ 74:93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.031
Duan J, Tan J, Hao J, Chai F (2014) Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episode in Beijing. J Environ Sci 26(1):189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60397-6
Ge S, Xu CJC et al (2004) Emissions of air pollutants from household stoves: honeycomb coal versus coal cake. Environ Sci Technol 38(17):4612–4618. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049942k
Gérardin F, Midoux N (2016) Attenuation of road dust emissions caused by industrial vehicle traffic. Atmos Environ 127:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.006
Gladtke D, Volkhausen W, Bach B (2009) Estimating the contribution of industrial facilities to annual PM10 concentrations at industrially influenced sites. Atmos Environ 43(30):4655–4665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.063
Kappos AD, Bruckmann P, Eikmann T, Englert N, Heinrich U, Höppe P, Koch E, Krause GHM, Kreyling WG, Rauchfuss K, Rombout P, Schulz-Klemp V, Thiel WR, Wichmann HE (2004) Health effects of particles in ambient air. Int J Hyg Environ Health 207(4):399–407. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00306
Karali D, Loupa G, Rapsomanikis S (2019) Origins of regulated semi-volatile PAHs and metals near an industrial area and a highway in the region of Alexandroupolis, Greece. Air Qual Atmos Health 12(7):767–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00702-y
Kfoury A, Ledoux F, Roche C, Delmaire G, Roussel G, Courcot D (2016) PM2.5 source apportionment in a French urban coastal site under steelworks emission influences using constrained non-negative matrix factorization receptor model. J Environ Sci (China) 40:114–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.025
Lai CH, Lin CH, Liao CC (2017) Respiratory deposition and health risk of inhalation of particle-bound heavy metals in the carbon black feeding area of a tire manufacturer. Air Qual Atmos Health 10(10):1281–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0515-7
Lau LL, de Castro LFA, Dutra F d C et al (2016) Characterization and mass balance of trace elements in an iron ore sinter plant. J Mater Res Technol 5(2):144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.10.007
Li M, Liu Z, Chen J, Huang X, Liu J, Xie Y, Hu B, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y (2019) Characteristics and source apportionment of metallic elements in PM2.5 at urban and suburban sites in Beijing: implication of emission reduction. Atmosphere. 10(3):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10030105
Lin YC, Hsu SC, Chou CC et al (2016) Wintertime haze deterioration in Beijing by industrial pollution deduced from trace metal fingerprints and enhanced health risk by heavy metals. Environ Pollut 208(Pt A):284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.044
Liu G, Li J, Wu D, Xu H (2015a) Chemical composition and source apportionment of the ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China. Particuology. 18:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.03.011
Liu X, Zhai Y, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Chen H, Li P, Peng C, Xu B, Li C, Zeng G (2015b) Mass concentration and health risk assessment of heavy metals in size-segregated airborne particulate matter in Changsha. Sci Total Environ 517:215–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.066
Liu P, Ren H, Xu H, Lei Y, Shen Z (2018) Assessment of heavy metal characteristics and health risks associated with PM2.5 in Xi’an, the largest city in northwestern China. Air Qual Atmos Health 11(9):1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-0598-9
Mbengue S, Alleman LY, Flament P (2014) Size-distributed metallic elements in submicronic and ultrafine atmospheric particles from urban and industrial areas in northern France. Atmos Res 135-136:35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.010
McLennan SM (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000109
Minguillón MC, Campos AA, Cárdenas B, Blanco S, Molina LT, Querol X (2014) Mass concentration, composition and sources of fine and coarse particulate matter in Tijuana, Mexico, during Cal-Mex campaign. Atmos Environ 88:320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.032
National Bureau of Statistics of China China (2019) http://data.stats.gov.cn/tablequery.htm?code=AA020C. Accessed 01 June 2019
Oravisjärvi K, Timonen KL, Wiikinkoski T, Ruuskanen AR, Heinänen K, Ruuskanen J (2003) Source contributions to PM2.5 particles in the urban air of a town situated close to a steel works. Atmos Environ 37(8):1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(02)01048-8
Paatero P, Tapper U (1994) Positive matrix factorization A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values. Environmetrics. 5(2):111–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203
Prati P, Zucchiatti A, Lucarelli F, Mandò PA (2000) Source apportionment near a steel plant in Genoa (Italy) by continuous aerosol sampling and PIXE analysis. Atmos Environ 34(19):3149–3157. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00421-5
Qi L, Chen M, Ge X, Zhang Y, Guo B (2016) Seasonal variations and sources of 17 aerosol metal elements in suburban Nanjing, China. Atmosphere. 7(12):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7120153
Qiu X, Duan L, Gao J, Wang S, Chai F, Hu J, Zhang J, Yun Y (2016) Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Lanzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 40:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.021
Querol X, Viana M, Alastuey A, Amato F, Moreno T, Castillo S, Pey J, de la Rosa J, Sánchez de la Campa A, Artíñano B, Salvador P, García Dos Santos S, Fernández-Patier R, Moreno-Grau S, Negral L, Minguillón MC, Monfort E, Gil JI, Inza A, Ortega LA, Santamaría JM, Zabalza J (2007) Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain. Atmos Environ 41(34):7219–7231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022
Taiwo AM, Beddows DC, Calzolai G et al (2014a) Receptor modelling of airborne particulate matter in the vicinity of a major steelworks site. Sci Total Environ 490:488–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.118
Taiwo AM, Harrison RM, Shi Z (2014b) A review of receptor modelling of industrially emitted particulate matter. Atmos Environ 97:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.051
Tangshan Municipal People’s Government China (2019) http://www.tangshan.gov.cn/zhuzhan/qianan/20180319/578278.html. Accessed 01 June 2019
Taylor SR (1964) Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 28(8):1273–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90129-2
Varrica D, Dongarrà G, Sabatino G, Monna F (2003) Inorganic geochemistry of roadway dust from the metropolitan area of Palermo, Italy. Environ Geol 44(2):222–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0748-z
Wang Z, Wu T, Duan X et al (2009) Research on inhalation rate exposure factors of Chinese residents in environmental health risk assessment. Environ Sci Res 22(10):1171–1175. https://doi.org/10.13198/j.res.2009.10.61.wangzsh.007
Wang J, Pan Y, Tian S, Chen X, Wang L, Wang Y (2016a) Size distributions and health risks of particulate trace elements in rural areas in northeastern China. Atmos Res 168:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.08.019
Wang Y, Jia C, Tao J, Zhang L, Liang X, Ma J, Gao H, Huang T, Zhang K (2016b) Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a semi-arid and petrochemical-industrialized city, Northwest China. Sci Total Environ 573:1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.179
Yadav AK, Sahoo SK, Dubey JS, Kumar AV, Pandey G, Tripathi RM (2019) Assessment of particulate matter, metals of toxicological concentration, and health risk around a mining area, Odisha, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 17:775–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00688-7
Yang F, Ye B, He K, Ma Y, Cadle SH, Chan T, Mulawa PA (2005) Characterization of atmospheric mineral components of PM2.5 in Beijing and Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ 343(1–3):221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.017
Yin J, Harrison RM (2008) Pragmatic mass closure study for PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 at roadside, urban background and rural sites. Atmos Environ 42(5):980–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.005
Zhang R (2017) Seasonal variation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 during winter and summer over Xi’an, China. Atmosphere. 8:91. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8050091
Zhang Q, Shen Z, Cao J, Ho KF, Zhang R, Bie Z, Chang H, Liu S (2014) Chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust over Xi’an in the south margin of the Loess Plateau, China. Atmos Pollut Res 5(3):421–430. https://doi.org/10.5094/apr.2014.049
Zhang J, Zhou X, Wang Z, Yang L, Wang J, Wang W (2018) Trace elements in PM2.5 in Shandong Province: source identification and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 621:558–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.292
Zhou S, Yuan Q, Li W, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang W (2014) Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: spatial variations, sources, and health implications. J Environ Sci 26(1):205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60399-x
Funding
This study was partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0202001), the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program (XDA23020301), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41375036).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Si, R., Xin, J., Zhang, W. et al. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of trace elements in the heavy industry areas of Tangshan, China. Air Qual Atmos Health 12, 1303–1315 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00745-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00745-1