Opinion statement
Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers in the United States. The low incidence of this disease prevents therapeutic questions from being addressed in prospective randomized trials. As such, treatment algorithms have generally been extrapolated from those used in female breast cancer. Similar to female breast cancer, lymph node involvement and the size of the primary tumor are the most important factors in predicting disease-free and overall survival [1·, 2]. Modified radical mastectomy remains the standard local therapeutic approach, with radiation therapy indicated for patients who have clinicopathologic features associated with a high risk for postmastectomy chest wall or lymph node recurrence. Similar to female breast cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy is indicated in the majority of men with breast cancer, specifically those with tumors larger than 1 cm or those with lymph node-positive disease.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Recommended Reading
Goss PE, Reid C, Pintilie M: Male breast carcinoma: a review of 229 patients who presented to the Princess Margaret Hospital during 40 years: 1955-1996. Cancer 1999, 85:629–639. This retrospective study from a single institution covers many important aspects of male breast cancer and its treatment.
Guinee VF, Olsson H, Moller T, et al.: The prognosis of breast cancer in males: a report of 335 cases. Cancer 1993, 71:154–161.
Cancer statistics 1999. CA Cancer J Clin 2000, 50.
Harris J, Morrow M, Norton L: Male breast cancer. In Cancer: Principles and Practices of Oncology. Edited by Devita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:1586.
Robison R, Montague ED: Treatment results in males with breast cancer. Cancer 1982, 49:403–406.
Willsher PC, Leach IH, Ellis IO, et al.: A comparison outcome of male breast cancer with female breast cancer. Am J Surg 1997, 173:185–188.
Borgen PI, Wong GY, Vlamis V, et al.: Current management of male breast cancer: a review of 104 cases. Ann Surg 1992, 215:451–459.
Bagley CS, Wesley MN, Young RC, et al.: Adjuvant chemotherapy in males with cancer of the breast. Am J Clin Oncol 1987, 10:55–60.
Thomas DB, Jimenez LM, McTiernan A, et al.: Breast cancer in men: risk factors with hormonal implications. Am J Epidemiol 1992, 135:734–748.
Evans DB, Crichlow RWC: Carcinoma of the male breast and Klinefelter’s syndrome: is there an association? CA Cancer J Clin 1987, 37:246–251.
Eldar S, Nash E, Abrahamson J: Radiation carcinogenesis in the male breast. Eur J Surg Oncol 1989, 15:274–278.
Mackenzie I: Breast cancer following multiple fluoroscopies. Br J Cancer 1965, 19:1–8.
Moore MP: Male breast cancer. In Diseases of the Breast. Edited by Harris J, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Hellman S. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:859–863.
Borgen PI: Male breast cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1991, 7:314–319.
Volm MD, Gradishar WJ: How to diagnose and manage male breast cancer. Contemp Oncol 1994, 17–27.
Rayson D, Erlichman C, Suman VJ, et al.: Molecular markers in male breast carcinoma. Cancer 1998, 83:1947–1955. This is the largest published study of molecular markers in male breast cancer, and assesses their degree of expression as well as prognostic value.
Friedman LS, Gayther SA, Kurosaki T, et al.: Mutation analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in a male breast cancer population. Am J Hum Genet 1997, 60:313–319.
Mavraki E, Gray IC, Bishop DT, et al.: Germline BRCA2 mutations in men with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1997, 76:1428–1431.
Stratton MR, Ford D, Neuhasen S, et al.: Familial male breast cancer is not linked to the BRCA1 locus on chromosome 17q. Nat Genet 1994, 7:103–107.
Wooster R, Mangion J, Eeles R, et al.: A germline mutation in the androgen receptor gene in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome. Nat Genet 1992, 2:132–134.
Lobaccaro JM, Lumbroso S, Belon C: Male breast cancer and the androgen receptor gene. Nat Genet 1993, 5:109–110.
Dershaw DD, Borgen PI, Deutch BM, et al.: Mammographic findings in men with breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993, 160:267.
Donegan WL, Redlich PN, Lang PJ, et al.: Carcinoma of the breast in males: a multi-institutional survey. Cancer 1998, 83:498–509.
Vetto J, Jun SY, Padduch D, et al.: Stages at presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of breast cancer in males. Am J Surg 1999, 177:379–383.
Friedman MA, Hoffman PG, Dandolos EM, et al.: Estrogen receptors in male breast cancer: clinical and pathologic correlations. Cancer 1981, 47:134–137.
Borgen PI, Senie RT, McKinnon WMP, et al.: Carcinoma of the male breast: analysis of prognosis compared with matched female patients. Ann Surg Oncol 1997, 4:385–388.
Bezwoda WR, Hesdorffer C, Dansey R, et al.: Breast cancer in men: clinical features, hormone receptor status, and response to therapy. Cancer 1987, 60:1337–1340.
Ravandi-Kashani F, Hayes TG: Male breast cancer: a review of the literature. Eur J Cancer 1998, 34:1341–1347.
Ribeiro G, Swindell R: Adjuvant tamoxifen for male breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1992, 65:252–254.
Lopez M, Di Lauro L, Lazzaro B, et al.: Hormonal treatment of disseminated male breast cancer. Oncology 1985, 42:345–349.
Patel HZ, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN: Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in male breast cancer. Cancer 1989, 64:1583–1585.
Hayman JA, Hillner BE: Is the use of radiation therapy after mastectomy cost-effective? Semin Radiat Oncol 1999, 9:287–291.
Marks LB, Hardenbergh PH, Winer ET, et al.: Assessing the cost-effectiveness of postmastectomy radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 44:91–98.
Hillner BE: Review of cost-effectiveness assessments of chemotherapy in adjuvant and advanced breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 1998, 9:843–847.
Hayman JA, Hillner BE, Harris JR, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of routine radiation therapy following conservative surgery for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:1022–1029.
Trippoli S, Becagli P, Messori A: Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil for nodepositive breast cancer: a lifetime cost-utility analysis based on a modified Q-TWIST method. Clin Pharmacol 1997, 53:281–282.
Yee GC: Cost-utility analysis of taxane therapy. Am J Health System Pharm 1997, 54:S11-S15.
Hillner BE: Economic and cost-effectiveness issues in breast cancer treatment. Semin Oncol 1996, 23:98–104.
Smith TJ, Hillner BE: The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer in premenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 1993, 11:771–776.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Los Santos, J.F., Buchholz, T.A. Carcinoma of the male breast. Curr. Treat. Options in Oncol. 1, 221–227 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-000-0033-x
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-000-0033-x