Skip to main content
Log in

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediments of the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries, China

  • Published:
Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences

Abstract

The concentrations and congener profiles of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediment samples collected from the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries were investigated. PCN congeners (from MoCNs to OCN) were determined by isotope dilution/high-resolution gas chromatography/highresolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). The total concentrations of PCNs were 34.3–303.0 pg/g (dry weight, dw) in the Yangtze Estuary samples and 6.2–408.0 pg/g (dw) in the Yellow River Estuary samples, which were lower compared with that in other sediments reported by previous studies. In addition, the remarkably different homologue or congener profiles of PCNs have been obtained in this study. Samples dominated with MoCNs to TrCNs might be attributed to atmospheric deposition and global fractionation, while in other samples taken from the surrounding industrial areas the enrichment of higher chlorinated homologues suggested that the industrial and human activities should be the main potential sources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lerche D, van de Plassche E, Schwegler A, et al. Selecting chemical substances for the UN-ECE POP Protocol [J]. Chemosphere, 2002, 47(6): 617–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kucklick J R, Helm P A. Advances in the environmental analysis of polychlorinated naphthalenes and toxaphene [J]. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2006, 386: 819–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Brinkman U A T, Reymer H G M. Polychlorinated naphthalenes [J]. J Chromatogr A, 1976, 127(3): 203–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Falandysz J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes: An environmental update [J]. Environ Pollut, 1998, 101(1): 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wang D, Atkinson S, Hoover-Miller A, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in tissues of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the northern Gulf of Alaska [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 67(10): 2044–2057.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bidleman T F, Helm P, Braune B M, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in polar environments — A review [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2010, 408(15): 2919–2935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yamashita N, Kannan K, Imagawa T, et al. Vertical profile of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, naphthalenes, biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkylphenols in a sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2000, 34(17): 3560–3567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Imagawa T, Lee C W. Correlation of polychlorinated naphthalenes with polychlorinated dibenzofurans formed from waste incineration [J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 44(6): 1511–1520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Noma Y, Yamamoto T, Giraud R, et al. Behavior of PCNs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the thermal destruction of wastes containing PCNs [J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 62(7): 1183–1195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Eljarrat E, Caixach J, Jiménez B, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments from the Venice and Orbetello Lagoons, Italy [J]. Chemosphere, 1999, 38(8): 1901–1912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sakai S-I, Yamamoto T, Noma Y, et al. Formation and control of toxic polychlorinated compounds during incineration of wastes containing polychlorinated naphthalenes [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2006, 40(7): 2247–2253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kannan K, Yamashita N, Imagawa T, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and polychlorinated biphenyls in fishes from Michigan waters including the Great Lakes [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2000, 34(4): 566–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Şişman T, Geyikoğlu F. The teratogenic effects of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) on early development of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) [J]. Environ Toxicol Phar, 2008, 25(1): 83–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Llobet J M, Falcó G, Bocio A, et al. Human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes through the consumption of edible marine species [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 66(6): 1107–1113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jiang Q, Hanari N, Miyake Y, et al. Health risk assessment for polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in seafood from Guangzhou and Zhoushan, China [J]. Environ Pollut, 2007, 148(1): 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Falandysz J, Strandberg L, Bergqvist P A, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediment and biota from the Gdañsk Basin, Baltic Sea [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1996, 30(11): 3266–3274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Harner T, Shoeib M, Gouin T, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in Great Lakes air: Assessing spatial trends and combustion inputs using PUF disk passive air samplers [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2006, 40(17): 5333–5339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Helm P A, Bidleman T F. Current combustion-related sources contribute to polychlorinated naphthalene and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl levels and profiles in air in Toronto, Canada [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2003, 37(6): 1075–1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Krauss M, Wilcke W. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban soils: Analysis, concentrations, and relation to other persistent organic pollutants [J]. Environ Pollut, 2003, 122(1): 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wyrzykowska B, Hanari N, Orlikowska A, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and -naphthalenes in pine needles and soil from Poland—Concentrations and patterns in view of long-term environmental monitoring [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 67(9): 1877–1886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Järnberg U G, Asplund L T, Egebäck A L, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalene congener profiles in background sediments compared to a degraded Halowax 1014 technical mixture [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1999, 33(1): 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Norén K, Meironyté D. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years [J]. Chemosphere, 2000, 40(9–11): 1111–1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kilanowicz A, Sitarek K, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M, et al. Prenatal developmental toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the rat [J]. Ecotox Environ Safe, 2011, 74(3): 504–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Helm P A, Bidleman T F, Li H H, et al. Seasonal and spatial variation of polychlorinated naphthalenes and non-/monoortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in Arctic air. Environ Sci Technol, 2004, 38(21): 5514–5521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Herbert B M J, Halsall C J, Villa S, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in air and snow in the Norwegian Arctic: A local source or an eastern Arctic phenomenon [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2005, 342(1–3): 145–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Harner T, Kylin H, Bidleman T F, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic air [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32(21): 3257–3265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee S C, Harner T, Pozo K, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the global atmospheric passive sampling (GAPS) study [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2007, 41(8): 2680–2687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Pan J. Yang Y L, Xu Q, et al. PCBs, PCNs and PBDEs in sediments and mussels from Qingdao coastal sea in the frame of current circulations and influence of sewage sludge [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 66(10): 1971–1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Harner T, Bidleman T F. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban air. Atmos [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1997, 31(23): 4009–4016.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schneider M, Stieglitz L, Will R, et al. Formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes on fly ash [J]. Chemosphere, 1998, 37(9): 2055–2070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Abad E, Caixach J, Rivera J. Dioxin like compounds from municipal waste incinerator emissions: Assessment of the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes [J]. Chemosphere, 1999, 38(1): 109–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Noma Y, Yamamoto T, Sakai S-I. Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated naphthalenes, coplanar PCBs, dibenzop-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in the Halowax series [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2004, 38(6): 1675–1680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Alcock R E, Sweetman A, Jones K C. Assessment of organic contanhnant fate in waste water treatment plants I: Selected compounds and physicochemical properties [J]. Chemosphere, 1999, 38(10): 2247–2262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kannan K, Imagawa T, Blankenship A L, et al. Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in soil, sediment, and biota collected near the site of a former chlor-alkali plant [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32(17): 2507–2514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Shen M, Yu Y J, Zheng G J, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments from the Yangtze River Delta [J]. Pollut Bull, 2006, 52(10): 1299–1304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lundgren K, Tysklind M, Ishaq R, et al. Flux estimates and sedimentation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the northern part of the Baltic Sea [J]. Environ Pollut, 2003, 126(1): 93–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Marvin C, Alaee M, Painter S, et al. Persistent organic pollutants in Detroit River suspended sediments: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes [J]. Chemosphere, 2002, 49(2): 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Gevao B, Harner T, Jones K C. Sedimentary record of polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations and deposition fluxes in a dated lake core [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1999, 34(1): 33–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Brack W, Kind T, Schrader S, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments from the industrial region of Bitterfeld [J]. Environ Pollut, 2003, 121(1): 81–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Pan X H, Tang J H, Chen Y J, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, north China [J]. Environ Pollut, 2011, 159(12): 3515–3521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. National Industrial Chemical Notification and Assessment Scheme. Polychlorinated naphthalenes [EB/OL]. [2002-04-12]. http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/car/other/S48PCNJuly02.pdf .

  42. Meijer S N, Harner T, Helm P A, et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in U K soils: Time trends, markers of source, and equilibrium status [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2001, 35(21): 4205–4213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lirong Gao.

Additional information

Foundation Item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20677070, 20621703)

Biography: GUO Li, female, Engineer, Ph. D., research direction: distribution, source, environmental behavior of persistent organic pollutants in environments.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Guo, L., Gao, L., Li, A. et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediments of the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries, China. Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci. 18, 79–87 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11859-013-0897-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11859-013-0897-9

Key words

CLC number

Navigation