Abstract
Educators in many countries around the world have a strong interest in improving early childhood mathematics education, one component of which is formative assessment. Unlike summative assessment, this approach can provide teachers with information useful for understanding and teaching individual children. This paper describes the rationale for and the development of the birthday party (BP), a mathematics assessment system appropriate for investigating the mathematical thinking and learning of young children, 3-, 4-, and 5-years of age. The BP uses computer technology to help teachers administer the assessment. The system also provides professional development to help teachers understand the results of the assessment and determine how to promote individual children’s learning. The ultimate goal of the system is to nurture thoughtful teachers who can conduct inventive formative assessments on a daily basis without the guidance of the BP software.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Administration for Children & Families. (2015). Head start early learning outcomes framework ages birth to five. Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, A. (1993). Wondering–One child’s questions and mathematics learning. Canadian Children, 18(2), 26–30.
Baroody, A. J. (1987). Children’s mathematical thinking: A developmental framework for preschool, primary, and special education teachers. New York: Teachers College Press.
Bertelli, R., Joanni, E., & Martlew, M. (1998). Relationship between children’s counting ability and their ability to reason about number. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13(3), 371–384.
Binet, A. (1969). The perception of lengths and numbers. In R. H. Pollack & M. W. Brenner (Eds.), Experimental psychology of Alfred Binet (pp. 79–92). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
Bloom, L. (1970). Language development: Form and function in emerging grammars. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bosch, C., Álvarez Díaz, L., Correa, R., & Druck, S. (2010). Mathematics education in Latin America and the Caribbean: A reality to be transformed (Vol. 4). Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City: ICSU-LAC/CONACYT.
Burger, W., & Shaughnessy, J. (1986). Characterizing the van Hiele levels of development in geometry. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 17, 31–48.
Casey, B., Kersh, J. E., & Young, J. M. (2004). Storytelling sagas: An effective medium for teaching early childhood mathematics. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 167–172.
Center for Universal Education at Brookings and UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2013). Toward universal learning: What every child should learn. Retrieved from Washington, DC.
Clements, D. H. (2004a). Geometric and spatial thinking in early childhood education. In D. H. Clements, J. Sarama, & A.-M. DiBiase (Eds.), Engaging young children in mathematics: Standards for early childhood mathematics education (pp. 267–297). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbam Associates, Publishers.
Clements, D. H. (2004b). Major themes and recommendations. In D. H. Clements & J. Sarama (Eds.), Engaging Young Children in Mathematics (pp. 7–72). Mahwah, New Jersey and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Clements, D. H., Copple, C., & Hyson, M. (2002). Early childhood mathematics: Promoting good beginnings. A joint position statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) (revised ed.). Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children/National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. H., & Liu, X. H. (2008). Development of a measure of early mathematics achievement using the Rasch model: The research-based early maths assessment. Educational Psychology, 28(4), 457–482.
Clements, D. H., Swaminathan, S., Hannibal, M. A. Z., & Sarama, J. (1999). Young children’s concepts of shape. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 30(2), 192–212.
Cross, C. T., Woods, T. A., & Schweingruber, H. (Eds.). (2009). Mathematics learning in early childhood: Paths toward excellence and equity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
CTB, McGraw-Hill. (1976). Comprehensive tests of basic skills. Monterey, Calif: McGraw-Hill.
Denton, K., & West, J. (2002). Children’s reading and mathematics achievement in kindergarten and first grade. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, C., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., et al. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428–1446.
Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2011). The nature and impact of early achievement skills, attention skills, and behavior problems. In G. J. Duncan & R. J. Murnane (Eds.), Whither opportunity: Rising inequality, schools, and children’s life chances (pp. 47–69). New York, NY: Russell Sage.
Durkin, K., Shire, B., Riem, R., Crowther, R. D., & Rutter, D. R. (1986). The social and linguistic context of early number word use. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 269–288.
Economo Poulos, K. (1998). What comes next? The mathematics of pattern in kindergarten. Teaching Children Mathematics, 5(4), 230–233.
Fuson, K. C. (1991). Children’s early counting: Saying the number word sequence, counting objects, and understanding cardinality. In K. Durkin & B. Shire (Eds.), Language in mathematical education: Research and practice (pp. 27–39). Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.
Garrick, R., Threlfall, J., & Orton, A. (1999). Pattern in the nursery. In A. Orton (Ed.), Pattern in the teaching and learning of mathematics (pp. 1–17). London: Cassell.
Gelman, R., & Gallistel, C. R. (1986). The child’s understanding of number. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ginsburg, H. P. (1989). Children’s arithmetic: How they learn it and how you teach it (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro Ed.
Ginsburg, H. P. (2003). Assessment probes and instructional activities for the Test of Early Mathematics Ability-3. Austin, TX: Pro Ed.
Ginsburg, H. P., & Baroody, A. J. (2003). The test of early mathematics ability: Third edition. Austin, TX: Pro Ed.
Ginsburg, H. P., Choi, Y. E., Lopez, L. S., Netley, R., & Chao-Yuan, C. (1997). Happy birthday to you: Early mathematical thinking of Asian, South American, and U.S. children. In T. Nunes & P. Bryant (Eds.), Learning and teaching mathematics: An international perspective. (pp. 163–207). Hove (UK): Psychology Press.
Ginsburg, H. P., Greenes, C., & Balfanz, R. (2003). Big math for little kids. Parsippany, NJ: Dale Seymour Publications.
Ginsburg, H. P., Lee, J. S., & Boyd, J. S. (2008). Mathematics education for young children: What it is and how to promote it. Society for Research in Child Development Social Policy Report: Giving Child and Youth Development Knowledge Away, 22(1), 1–24.
Griffin, S. (2004a). Building number sense with number worlds: A mathematics program for young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 173–180.
Griffin, S. (2004b). Number Worlds: A research-based mathematical program for young children. In D. H. Clements & A.-M. DiBiase (Eds.), Engaging young children in mathematics: Standards for early childhood mathematics education (pp. 325–342). Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Griffin, S. (2007). Number worlds: A mathematics intervention program for grades prek-6. Columbus, OH: SRA/McGraw-Hill.
Irwin, K., & Burgham, D. (1992). Big numbers and small children. The New Zealand Mathematics Magazine, 29(1), 9–19.
Jordan, N. C., Glutting, J., C., R., & Watkins, M. W. (2010). Validating a number sense screening tool for use in Kindergarten and First Grade: Prediction of mathematics proficiency in Third Grade. School Psychology Review, 39(2), 181–195, 39(2), 181–195.
Jordan, N. C., Hanich, L. B., & Uberti, H. Z. (2003). Mathematical thinking and learning difficulties. In A. J. Baroody & A. Dowker (Eds.), The development of arithmetic concepts and skills: Constructing adaptive expertise (pp. 359–383). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Jordan, N. C., Huttenlocher, L., & Levine, S. C. (1994). Assessing early arithmetic abilities: Effects of verbal and nonverbal response types on the calculation performance of middle- and low-income children. Learning and Individual Differences, 6, 413–432.
Kadosh, R. C., & Dowker, A. (Eds.). (2015). The Oxford handbook of numerical cognition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Kagan, S. L., & Gomez, R. (2014). One, two, buckle my shoe: Early mathematics education and teacher professional development. In H. P. Ginsburg, T. A. Woods, & M. Hyson (Eds.), Preparing early childhood educators to teach math: Professional development that works (pp. 1–28). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Klein, A., & Starkey, P. (2004). Fostering preschool children’s mathematical knowledge: Findings from the Berkeley Math Readiness Project. In D. H. Clements & J. Sarama (Eds.), Engaging young children in mathematics: Standards for early childhood mathematics education (pp. 343–360). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbam Associates.
Lee, Y.-S. (2016). Psychometric analyses of the Birthday Party. ZDM Mathematics Education, 48(7) (this issue).
Lehrer, R., Jenkins, M., & Osana, H. (1998). Longitudinal study of children’s reasoing about space and geometry. In R. Lehrer & D. Chazan (Eds.), Designing learning environments for developing understanding of geometry and space (pp. 137–167). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbam Associates.
Lillemyr, O. F., Fagerli, O., & Søbstad, F. (2001). A global perspective on early childhood care and education: A proposed model. Retrieved from Paris.
Love, J. M., & Xue, Y. (2010). How early care and education programs 0–5 prepare children for Kindergarten: Is it enough? Paper presented at the Head Start’s 10th National Research Conference. DC: Washingon.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers. (2010). Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. Washington, DC: Author.
Newcombe, N., & Huttenlocher, J. (1992). Children’s early ability to solve perspective-taking problems. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 635–643.
Newcombe, N., & Learmonth, A. (1999). Change and continuity in early spatial development: claiming the radical middle. Infant Behavior and Development, 22(4), 457–474.
Nunes, T., & Bryant, P. (2015). The development of mathematical reasoning. In L. S. Liben & U. Mueller (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (7th ed., Vol. 2 Cognitive Processes, pp. 715–762). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Papic, M. (2007). Promoting repeating patterns with young children—More than just alternating colours. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom, 12(3), 8–13.
Pappas, S., Ginsburg, H. P., & Jiang, M. (2003). SES differences in young children’s metacognition in the context of mathematical problem solving. Cognitive Development, 18(3), 431–450.
Pieraut-Le Bonniec, G. (1982). From rhythm to reversibility. In G. E. Forman (Ed.), Action and thought: From sensorimotor schemes to symbolic operations (pp. 235–263). London: Academic Press.
Platas, L. M., Ketterlin-Geller, L. R., & Sitabkhan, Y. (2016). Using an assessment of early mathematical knowledge and skills to inform policy and practice: Examples from the early grade mathematics assessment. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 4(3), 163–173.
Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (2004). Building blocks for early childhood mathematics. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 181–189.
Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (2009). Early childhood mathematics education research: Learning trajectories for young children. New York: Routledge.
Seo, K.-H., & Ginsburg, H. P. (2004). What is developmentally appropriate in early childhood mathematics education? Lessons from new research. In D. H. Clements, J. Sarama, & A.-M. DiBiase (Eds.), Engaging young children in mathematics: Standards for early childhood mathematics education (pp. 91–104). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Serow, P., Callingham, R., & Tout, D. (2016). Assessment of mathematics learning: What are we doing? In K. Makar, S. Dole, M. Goos, J. Visnovska, A. Bennison, & K. Fry (Eds.), Research in mathematics education in Australasia 2012–2015 (pp. 1–19). Dordrecht: Springer.
Sophian, C. (2004). Mathematics for the future: Developing a Head Start curriculum to support mathematics learning. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 59–81.
Sophian, C., & Adams, N. (1987). Infants’ understanding of numerical transformations. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 257–264.
Starkey, P., Klein, A., & Wakeley, A. (2004). Enhancing young children ‘s mathematical knowledge through a pre-kindgarten mathematics intervention. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 99–120.
Teppo, A. (1991). Van Hiele levels of geometric thought revisited. Mathematics Teacher (March), 210–221.
University of Chicago. (2013). Getting on track early for school success: Project overview. http://www.norc.org/gettingontrack.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2002). Children’s early learning, development, and school readiness: Conceptual frameworks, constructs, and measures.
Wagner, S. H., & Walters, J. (1982). A longitudinal analysis of early number concepts: From numbers to number. In G. E. Forman (Ed.), Action and thought: From sensorimotor schemes to symbolic operations (pp. 137–161). NY: Academic Press.
Walkerdine, V. (1988). The mastery of reason: Cognitive development and the production of rationality. London: Routledge.
Weiland, C., Wolfe, C. B., Hurwitz, M. D., Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. H., & Yoshikawa, H. (2012). Early mathematics assessment: Validation of short form of a prekindergarten and kindergarten mathematics measure. Educational Psychology, 32(3), 311–333.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Grant Number 1 R01 HD051538-01, to Herbert Ginsburg, principal investigator.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ginsburg, H.P., Pappas, S. Invitation to the birthday party: rationale and description. ZDM Mathematics Education 48, 947–960 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0818-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0818-4