Skip to main content

Designing and using professional development resources for inquiry-based learning

Abstract

This paper describes an attempt to design, analyse and refine professional development (PD) resources that encourage the implementation of inquiry-based learning (IBL). We describe the iterative development of the resources in England with over 100 mathematics teachers from secondary, tertiary and adult education and then analyse the impact these resources had on teachers’ beliefs and practices and the issues arising. This evaluation revealed that teachers had moved away from transmission-based orientations, encouraged by the use of less structured tasks and sample lesson plans, but some found it difficult to adopt IBL pedagogies. The most significant issues for teachers may be summarised as: confusing IBL with ‘discovery’ learning; developing and managing collaborative cultures within the classroom; and planning lessons that adapt to the emerging needs of learners.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Notes

  1. Ofsted, the Office for Standards in Education, is an independent national inspection service that reports directly to Parliament in the UK.

  2. The Cronbach alpha for the T statements was 0.63.

References

  • Adler, J., Ball, D., Krainer, K., Lin, F.-L., & Novotna, J. (2005). Reflections in an emerging field: Researching mathematics teacher education. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 60(3), 359–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, A. (1987). Better mathematics: A curriculum development study. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, R. (2008). How can we be sure that the classroom encourages talk for learning? Here is what research shows. Cambridge: Dialogos.

  • Artigue, M., & Blomhoej, M. (2013). Conceptualising inquiry based education in mathematics. ZDM - The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 45(6).

  • Askew, M., Brown, M., Rhodes, V., Johnson, D., & Wiliam, D. (1997). Effective teachers of numeracy, final report. London: Kings College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barab, S., & Squire, K. (2004). Design-based research: Putting a stake in the ground. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bereiter, C. (2002). Design research for sustained innovation. Cognitive studies, Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 9(3), 321–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. London: King’s College London School of Education.

  • Cobb, P., Confrey, J., diSessa, A., Lehrer, R., & Schauble, L. (2003a). Design Experiments in Educational Research. Educational Researcher, 32(1).

  • Cobb, P., McClain, K., de Silva Lamberg, T., & Dean, C. (2003b). Situating teachers’ instructional practices in the institutional setting of the school and district. Educational Researcher, 32(6), 13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. K. (1990). A revolution in one classroom: The case of Mrs. Oublier. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 12(3), 311–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • DBRC. (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engestrom, Y. (Ed.). (1999). Activity theory and individual and social transformation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernest, P. (1991a). The impact of beliefs on the teaching of mathematics. In P. Ernest (Ed.), Mathematics teaching, the state of the art (pp. 249–254). London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernest, P. (1991b). The philosophy of mathematics education. Basingstoke, Hants: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Even, R. (2005). Integrating knowledge and practice at MANOR in the development of providers of professional development for teachers. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 8(4), 343–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, Z. (1996). A review of research on teacher beliefs and practices. Educational Research, 38(1), 47–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M. G. (1991). The new meaning of educational change. London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garet, M. S., Birman, B. F., Porter, A. C., Desimore, L., & Herman, R. (1999). Designing effective professional development: Lessons from the Eisenhower Program. Washington, DC: US Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guskey, T. R. (1986). Staff development and the process of teacher change. Educational Researcher, 15(5), 5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerness, K., Darling-Hammond, L., Bransford, J., Berliner, D. C., Cochran-Smith, M., McDonald, M., et al. (Eds.). (2005). How teachers learn and develop. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, N. (2011). Zen and the art of neriage: Facilitating consensus building in mathematics inquiry lessons through lesson study. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 14, 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaworski, B. (2008). Inquiry communities in Mathematics Teaching. Teachers and didacticians in collaboration. In K. Krainer & T. Wood (Eds.), International Handbook of Mathematics Teacher Education: Vol. 3. Participants in Mathematics Teacher Education: Individuals, teams, communities and networks. (Vol. 3, pp. 309-330). Rotterdam/TaiPei: Sense Publishers.

  • Kagan, D. (1992). Implications of research on teacher belief. Educational Psychologist, 27(1), 65–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A. (2003). Theme issue: The role of design in educational research. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 3–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschner, P., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., & Wiliam, D. (2005). Studying changes in the practice of two teachers developing assessment for learning. Teacher Development, 9(2), 265–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. C., Perry, R. R., & Hurd, J. (2009). Improving mathematics instruction through lesson study: A theoretical model and North American case. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12(4), 285–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, N. (1995). The guided construction of knowledge. Philadelphia, Adelaide: Clevedon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, F. H., Andreitz, I., Krainer, K., & Mayr, J. (2011). Effects of a research-based learning approach in teacher professional development. In Y. Li & G. Kaiser (Eds.), Expertise in mathematics instruction: An international perspective (pp. 131–149). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mullis, I., V.S., Martin, M. O., & Foy, P. (2008). TIMSS 2007 International Mathematics Report: Findings from IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study at the Fourth and Eighth Grades: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College.

  • Nespor, J. (1987). The role of beliefs in the practice of teaching. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 19(4), 317–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes (2012). It matters which class you are in: student-centred teaching and the enjoyment of learning mathematic. Research in Mathematics Education, 14(3), 273–290.

  • Ofsted (2006). Evaluating mathematics provision for 14–19-year-olds. London: HMSO.

  • PRIMAS (2012). Promoting inquiry in mathematics and science education across Europe from http://www.primas-project.eu/.

  • Rocard, M. (2007). EUR22845science education now: A renewed pedagogy for the future of Europe.

  • Stigler, J. W., & Hiebert, J. (1999). The teaching gap (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, J., & Swan, M. (2007). Thinking through mathematics: Research report: NRDC.

  • Swain, J., & Swan, M. (2009). Teachers’ attempts to integrate research-based principles into the teaching of numeracy with post-16 learners. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 14(1), 75–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M. B. (2005). Improving learning in mathematics: challenges and strategies: Department for Education and Skills.

  • Swan, M. (2006a). Collaborative Learning in Mathematics: A Challenge to our Beliefs and Practices. London: National Institute for Advanced and Continuing Education (NIACE) for the National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy (NRDC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M. (2006b). Describing mathematics teachers’ beliefs and practices: resources for evaluating design interventions. Research in Education, 75.

  • Swan, M. (2007). The impact of task-based professional development on teachers’ practices and beliefs: A design research study. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 10(4–6), 217–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M. (2011a). Designing tasks that challenge values, beliefs and practices: A model for the professional development of practicing teachers. In P. Sullivan & O. Zaslavski (Eds.), Constructing knowledge for teaching secondary mathematics: Tasks to enhance prospective and practicing teacher learning. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M. (2011b). Towards the creative teaching of mathematics. In P. Thomson & J. Sefton-Green (Eds.), Researching creative learning: Methods and issues (pp. 54–67). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M., Clarke, N., Dawson, C., Evans, S., Jobert, M., & Foster, C. (2012). Mathematics Assessment Project, from http://map.mathshell.org/materials/index.php.

  • Swan, M., & Green, M. (2002). Learning mathematics through discussion and reflection. London: Learning and Skills Development Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M., & Pead, D. (2008). Bowland Maths Professional development resources [online]. http://www.bowlandmaths.org.uk, Bowland Trust/Department for Children, Schools and Families.

  • Swan, M., & Pead, D. (2011). PRIMAS Professional Development Modules, http://primas.mathshell.org/pd.htm (Retrieved 29/5/12).

  • Swan, M., & Swain, J. (2010). The impact of a professional development programme on the practices and beliefs of numeracy teachers. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 34(2), 165–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Akker, J., Graveemeijer, K., McKenney, S., & Nieveen, N. (Eds.). (2006). Educational design research. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Harvard University Press.

  • Watson, A., & Mason, J. (1998). Questions and prompts for mathematical thinking. Derby: Association of Teachers of Mathematics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of the mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S., & Cooney, T. (2002). Mathematics teacher change and development. In G. Leder, E. Pehkonen, & G. Torner (Eds.), Beliefs: A hidden variable in mathematics education? (pp. 127–147). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This paper is based on work carried out within the following funded projects: Bowland Maths funded by the Bowland Charitable Trust (UK); ‘Learning Mathematics through Discussion and Reflection’ funded by the Learning and Skills Development Agency (UK); ‘Improving Learning in Mathematics’ funded by the Standards Unit, Department for Education and Skills (UK); ‘Maths4Life’ funded by National Research and Development Centre for adult literacy and numeracy (UK), and the PRIMAS project funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement n° 244380.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Malcolm Swan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Swan, M., Pead, D., Doorman, M. et al. Designing and using professional development resources for inquiry-based learning. ZDM Mathematics Education 45, 945–957 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-013-0520-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-013-0520-8

Keywords