Abstract
Harbour development along the low-lying coastline of northern France necessitated the construction of a seaport protruding into the sea. The extension of the port of Dunkirk resulted in the creation of an artificial shoreline consisting of a sea dike fronted by a beach, connected to a jetty protecting the seaport access. This study illustrates how harbour infrastructure can give rise to new kinds of aeolian landforms: e.g. the spontaneous initiation of aeolian dunes on a seaport dike resulting in specific dune types. However, this coastal dune development induced unexpected sand invasion of harbour infrastructure. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of various types of windbreaks on a dike as a means of limiting sand drift and solving sand invasion problems. Seven experimental fences installed in the eastern part of the dike were monitored over an 11 month period. The experimental fences tested in this study demonstrated their effectiveness on an asphalt coated dike. Over the whole survey period, the most efficient fences were those installed close to a sand source, at the beach-dike limit. These experiments will aid the Port of Dunkirk in building a management plan for its shoreline, which is being designed in order to preserve the diversity of landscapes, and to control sand invasion which necessitates costly sand removal operations.
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (ANRT) and Dunkirk port. Hourly wind data were provided by Météo France. The authors would like to thank Vincent Sipka for his help during field work. The constructive remarks of an anonymous reviewer were greatly appreciated. Thanks to Peter Magee for editing the revised version of this manuscript.
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Tresca, A., Ruz, MH. & Grégoire, P. Coastal dune development and sand drifting management along an artificial shoreline: the case of Dunkirk harbour, northern France. J Coast Conserv 18, 495–504 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0302-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0302-z