Abstract
Parkia speciosa Hassk. (petai, pete, sator, and stink bean) is a medium to large tree native to Southeast Asia with various medicinal, wood, and shade tree uses. Its seed is an important component of Indonesian, Malaysian, and Thai cuisines. Petai is a common component of smallholder tree gardens throughout Indonesia. Indigenous propagation practices for this species are removal of the seed coat, cutting off ¼ to ½ of the seed, or both, before sowing in prepared beds or containers. These practices are thought by farmers to accelerate seed germination and improve seedling growth. Seed cutting is also practiced to retain part of the seed for household consumption. A research trial was implemented to document the effect of seed shelling and seed cutting on seed germination, seedling growth, and seedling survival. Results indicate that both treatments accelerate—but do not increase—seed germination. Nine days after sowing, the treatments increased germination by 27–32% over the controls; the combination of the treatments increased germination by up to 70%. However, by 35 days all treatments and combinations achieved 100% germination. Seed cutting had a negative effect on seedling diameter and height growth. The combination of no shelling and ½ cutting indicated higher seedling mortality over the study period. The findings support the use of the indigenous seed shelling practice but suggest discontinuation of seed cutting practices.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ab Rasip AG, Moh. Noor M, Zuhaidi AY, Mahmud AW (1999) Tree domestication and agroforestry in Malaysia. In: Roshetko JM,Evans DO (eds) Domestication of agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports, special issue 1999, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, Republic of China; Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas, USA; and International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, pp 39–44
Budidarsono S, Wijaya K, Roshetko JM (2006). Farm and household economic study of Kecamatan Nanggung, Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia: a socio-economic base line study of agroforestry innovations and livelihood enhancement. ICRAF Working Paper No. 19, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia
Fujita M (1988) Flying foxes and economics. BATS 6(1):4–9
Gunasena HPM, Roshetko JM (2000) Tree domestication in southeast Asia: results of a regional study on institutional capacity. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia
Kaomini M, Gintings AN (1999) Domestication activities in the Forest and Nature Conservation and Development Center. In: Roshetko JM, Evans DO (eds) Domestication of agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports, special issue 1999, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, Republic of China; Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas, USA; and International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, pp 1–3
Leaving P, de Foresta H (1991) Economic plants of Indonesia: a Latin, Indonesia, French, and English dictionary of 728 useful plants. L’Institute Francis de Recherche Scientifique pour le Development en Cooperation (OSTROM), Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO), and Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP), Bogor, Indonesia
Manurung GES, Roshetko JM, Budidarsono S, Tukan JC (2005) Dudukuhan—Traditional tree farming systems for poverty reduction. In: van der Ploeg J, Masipiquena AB (eds) The future of the Sierra Madre: responding to social and ecological changes. Proceedings of the 5th international conference on environment and development. Cagayan Valley Program on Environment and Development (CVPED). Golden Press, Tuguegarao, Philippines
Mulawarman, Roshetko JM, Sasongko SM, and Iriantono D (2003) Tree seed management. Seed sources, seed collection and seed handling. A field manual for field workers and farmers. TFRI Extension Series No. 152. Winrock International and World Agroforestry Centre—ICRAF. Bogor, Indonesia
Otsama A, Sumantri IGK (1999) Finding alternative agroforestry tree species in connection with timber estate development in grassland and bushland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Roshetko JM, Evans DO (eds) Domestication of agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports, special issue 1999, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, Republic of China; Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas, USA; and International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, pp 85–93
Penot E (1999) Trees associated with rubber in rubber agroforestry systems. In: Roshetko JM, Evans DO (eds) Domestication of agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports, special issue 1999, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, Republic of China; Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas, USA; and International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, pp 94–109
Roshetko JM, Delaney M, Hairiah K, Purnomosidhi P (2002) Carbon stocks in Indonesian homegarden systems: can smallholder systems be targeted for increased carbon storage? Am J Altern Agric 17(2):138–148
Roshetko JM, Fay C, Budidarsono S, Tukan J, Nugraha E, Pratowo N, et al. (2004) Agroforestry innovations and livelihood enhancement in West Java. Final Report January 2003–September 2004. The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Winrock International and the Indonesia Institute for Forest and Environment (RMI). Bogor, Indonesia
Roshetko JM, Nugraha E, Tukan JCM, Manurung G, Fay C, van Noordwijk M (2007) Agroforestry for livelihood enhancement and enterprise development. In: Djoeroemana S, Myers B, Russell-Smith J, Blyth M, Salean IET (eds) Integrated rural development in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Proceedings of a workshop to Identify Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, held in Kupang, Indonesia, 5–7 April 2006. ACIAR Proceedings No.126. Canberra, ACT
Stoney C (1992) Agroforestry development in Nusa Tenggara. Winrock International, Bogor, Indonesia
Tarigan J, Martini E, Roshetko JM, Kurniawan I (2007) A documentation strategy to develop the potential of NTFPs as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program. Paper presented at the International Conference on The Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Poverty Alleviation and Biodiversity Conservation held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 11–15 June 2007
Wiradinata H, Bamroongrugsa N (1994) Parkia speciosa Hassak. In: Siemonsma JS, Piluek K (eds) Plant resources of South-East Asia, No. 8 Vegetables. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia and Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Acknowledgments
This research reported here was support by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Rural Environmental Management Program, Jakarta Mission, through the Agroforestry Innovations and Livelihood Enhancement in West Java Program (Cooperative Agreement No.497-A-00-03-00007-00). Mr. Wiyono conducted the research under the supervision of ICRAF and Winrock as part of his bachelor degree at the Agriculture Faculty, University Nusa Bangsa, Bogor, Indonesia
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roshetko, J.M., Rahayu, S., Wiyono et al. Evaluating Indigenous Practices for Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) Seed Germination: The Effect of Seed Shelling and Seed Cutting on Germination, Growth, and Survival. Small-scale Forestry 7, 285–293 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-008-9055-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-008-9055-1