Abstract
Given the well-established role of Ti as both a reinforcing and passivating element, we designed a series of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) based on the ductile and corrosion-resistant Al0.6CrFeNi2.4 alloy. These alloys, denoted as Al0.6CrFeNi2.4Tix (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6), aimed at achieving optimal synergy in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. As Ti content increased from x = 0–0.5, a notable transition from columnar to equiaxed microstructures was observed, with the primary dendrite arm spacing decreasing from 17.2 μm to 8.3 μm, attributed to the Ti-induced constitutional supercooling. These structural changes played a vital role in improving yield strength, increasing from 376 MPa to an impressive 2074 MPa. Moreover, the Ti dissolution in the (Cr, Fe)-rich FCC phase facilitated the formation of more protective and densely packed passive films, resulting in a comprehensively outstanding performance of the Al0.6CrFeNi2.4Ti0.2 (i.e., self-corrosion voltage/current of − 0.159 V and 2.6 × 10−7 A/cm2 together with a plastic strain of 35.8% and an impressive high fracture strength of 2811 MPa). This research demonstrates the potential of tailored Ti alloying to enhance the comprehensive properties of MPEAs, offering exciting possibilities for advanced materials in various engineering applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Bhandari, F. Khan, R. Abbassi, V. Garaniya, and R. Ojeda, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 37, 39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.06.008 (2015).
Z. Wang, Z. Zhou, W. Xu, D. Yang, Y. Xu, L. Yang, J. Ren, Y. Li, and Y. Huang, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 54403 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15974-0 (2021).
J. Yi, L. Wang, L. Zeng, M. Xu, L. Yang, and S. Tang, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 95, 105416 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105416 (2021).
L.L. Xiao, Z.Q. Zheng, S.W. Guo, P. Huang, and F. Wang, Mater. Des. 194, 108895 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108895 (2020).
L. Wang, Z. Feng, H. Niu, Q. Gao, M. Xu, L. Yang, and J. Yi, Met. Mater. Int. 28, 2987 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01196-7 (2022).
X.W. Qiu, Y.P. Zhang, L. He, and C.G. Liu, J. Alloys Compd. 549, 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.09.091 (2013).
B. Gorr, M. Azim, H.J. Christ, T. Mueller, D. Schliephake, and M. Heilmaier, J. Alloys Compd. 624, 270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.012 (2015).
F. He, Z. Wang, B. Han, Q. Wu, D. Chen, J. Li, J. Wang, C.T. Liu, and J.J. Kai, J. Alloys Compd. 769, 490 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.336 (2018).
Y. Shi, B. Yang, X. Xie, J. Brechtl, K.A. Dahmen, and P.K. Liaw, Corros. Sci. 119, 33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.02.019 (2017).
C.L. Wu, S. Zhang, C.H. Zhang, H. Zhang, and S.Y. Dong, Surf. Coat. Technol. 315, 368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.02.068 (2017).
X. Jin, J. Bi, L. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. Du, Y. Liang, and B. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 770, 655 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.176 (2019).
Q. Zhao, Z. Pan, X. Wang, H. Luo, Y. Liu, and X. Li, Corros. Sci. 208, 110666 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110666 (2022).
X.W. Qiu, J. Alloys Compd. 555, 246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.12.071 (2013).
A. Munitz, S. Salhov, G. Guttmann, N. Derimow, and M. Nahmany, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 742, 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.114 (2019).
G. Diao, A. He, D.Y. Li, M. Wu, Z. Xu, W. Li, and Q.Y. Li, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 856, 143910 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143910 (2022).
J. Yi, L. Yang, L. Wang, M. Xu, and L. Liu, Met. Mater. Int. 28, 227 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-00990-z (2022).
L. Wang, J. Wang, H. Niu, G. Yang, L. Yang, M. Xu, and J. Yi, J. Alloys Compd. 908, 164683 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164683 (2022).
X.X. Liu, S.G. Ma, W.D. Song, D. Zhao, and Z.H. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 931, 167523 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167523 (2023).
M. Wu, R.C. Setiawan, and D.Y. Li, Wear 492, 204231 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204231 (2022).
L. Huang, X. Wang, X. Zhao, C. Wang, and Y. Yang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 259, 124007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124007 (2021).
J. Wang, F. Jiang, L. Wang, G. Yang, M. Xu, and J. Yi, J. Alloys Compd. 946, 169423 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169423 (2023).
M. Karimzadeh, M. Malekan, H. Mirzadeh, L. Li, and N. Saini, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 856, 143971 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143971 (2022).
X. Chen, D. Gao, Y. Zhang, J.X. Hu, Y. Liu, and F. Xiang, Met. Mater. Int. 27, 118 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00620-0 (2020).
Y. Zhang, T.T. Zuo, Z. Tang, M.C. Gao, K.A. Dahmen, P.K. Liaw, and Z.P. Lu, Prog. Mater. Sci. 61, 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.10.001 (2014).
J. Man, B. Wu, G. Duan, L. Zhang, G. Wan, L. Zhang, N. Zou, and Y. Liu, J. Alloys Compd. 902, 163774 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163774 (2022).
Y.J. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y.L. Wang, and G.L. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 181904 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2734517 (2007).
Y.F. Kao, T.J. Chen, S.K. Chen, and J.W. Yeh, J. Alloys Compd. 488, 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.08.090 (2009).
X.F. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Qiao, and G.L. Chen, Intermetallics 15, 357 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2006.08.005 (2007).
J.M. Zhu, H.M. Fu, H.F. Zhang, A.M. Wang, H. Li, and Z.Q. Hu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 6975 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.028 (2010).
J.M. Zhu, H.M. Fu, H.F. Zhang, A.M. Wang, H. Li, and Z.Q. Hu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 7210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.049 (2010).
J.M. Zhu, H.M. Fu, H.F. Zhang, A.M. Wang, H. Li, and Z.Q. Hu, J. Alloys Compd. 509, 3476 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.10.047 (2011).
S.G. Ma, and Y. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 532, 480 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.10.110 (2012).
Y. Dong, Y. Lu, J. Kong, J. Zhang, and T. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 573, 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.253 (2013).
H. Cheng, X. Liu, Q. Tang, W. Wang, X. Yan, and P. Dai, J. Alloys Compd. 775, 742 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.168 (2019).
Z. Niu, J. Xu, T. Wang, N. Wang, Z. Han, and Y. Wang, Intermetallics 112, 106550 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106550 (2019).
Y. Fu, J. Li, H. Luo, C. Du, and X. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 80, 217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.044 (2021).
T.T. Shun, L.Y. Chang, and M.H. Shiu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 556, 170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.075 (2012).
Y. Sun, A. Lan, M. Zhang, H. Yang, and J. Qiao, Mater. Chem. Phys. 265, 124509 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124509 (2021).
Y.J. Hsu, W.C. Chiang, and J.K. Wu, Mater. Chem. Phys. 92, 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.001 (2005).
Y. Zhang, Y.J. Zhou, J.P. Lin, G.L. Chen, and P.K. Liaw, Adv. Eng. Mater. 10, 534 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200700240 (2008).
Y. Dong, Y. Lu, L. Jiang, T. Wang, and T. Li, Intermetallics 52, 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2014.04.001 (2014).
X. Yang, and Y. Zhang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 132, 233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.021 (2012).
A. Takeuchi, and A. Inoue, Intermetallics 18, 1779 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.06.003 (2010).
Y. Chen, S. Zhu, X. Wang, B. Yang, Z. Ren, G. Han, and S. Wen, Vacuum 155, 270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.06.020 (2018).
J.Y. He, H. Wang, H.L. Huang, X.D. Xu, M.W. Chen, Y. Wu, X.J. Liu, T.G. Nieh, K. An, and Z.P. Lu, Acta Mater. 102, 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.076 (2016).
I. Toda-Caraballo, and P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, Acta Mater. 85, 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.11.014 (2015).
N.D. Stepanov, D.G. Shaysultanov, M.A. Tikhonovsky, and G.A. Salishchev, Mater. Design 87, 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.007 (2015).
Y.Y. Andreev, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 81, 967 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024407060222 (2007).
C.M. Lin, and H.L. Tsai, Intermetallics 19, 288 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.10.008 (2011).
X. Wang, Q. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Xie, Q. Xu, and T. Zhao, Mater. 13(10), 2209 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102209 (2020).
M. Zhang, X. Shi, Z. Li, H. Xu, and G. Li, Corros. Sci. 207, 110562 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110562 (2022).
S. Jiang, Z. Lin, H. Xu, and Y. Sun, J. Alloys Compd. 741, 826 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.247 (2018).
P. Wu, K. Gan, D. Yan, Z. Fu, and Z. Li, Corros. Sci. 183, 109341 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109341 (2021).
L. Li, R.D. Kamachali, Z. Li, and Z. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Mater. 4, 053603 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.053603 (2020).
Acknowledgements
Financial supports from the Zhongwu Research and Innovation Team Project of Jiangsu University of Technology (Grant No. 202101001), Changzhou Science and Technology Bureau (Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program), Changzhou Science and Technology Bureau (Nos. CJ20220057, CQ20210086) and Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (23KJD430005) are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, X., Zhang, C., Gu, C. et al. Influence of Ti Addition on Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance in Al0.6CrFeNi2.4 Multi-principal Element Alloys. JOM 76, 2513–2525 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-024-06464-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-024-06464-y