Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pulsed Laser Additive Manufacturing for 316L Stainless Steel: A New Approach to Control Subgrain Cellular Structure

  • Additive Manufacturing for High Temperature Energy Systems: Harvesting Material Data and Modeling
  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An in-depth examination of the effects of a pulsed laser on the additively manufactured 316L stainless steel by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was conducted in this work. It demonstrated that dense parts can be obtained over a broad spectrum of parameters during pulsed laser L-PBF. The results show that a pulsed laser can significantly refine the sub-micron cellular structure and microsize grain structure and hence enhance the mechanical properties of L-PBF 316L SS. Simulations conducted via FLOW-3D validate the distinctions in thermal history between various printing parameters. The improved cooling rate during the laser process led to microstructure refinement. The Hall–Petch relationship of the AM 316L SS at the sub-micron scale was determined and could provide a guideline for Hall–Petch strengthening of AM stainless steel with cellular structure refinement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Deckers, S. Meyers, J.P. Kruth, and J. Vleugels, Phys. Proc. 56, 117 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. C.A. Biffi, J. Fiocchi, P. Bassani, and A. Tuissi, Addit. Manuf. 24, 639 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  3. S.R. Narasimharaju, W. Zeng, T.L. See, Z. Zhu, P. Scott, X. Jiang, and S. Lou, J. Manuf. Process. 75, 375 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J.M. Lonergan, W.G. Fahrenholtz, and G.E. Hilmas, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97, 1689 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. W.Y. Yeong, A.B. Kaligar, H.A. Kumar, A. Ali, W. Abuzaid, M. Egilmez, M. Alkhader, F. Abed, and A.S. Alnaser, Quantum Beam Sci. 6, 5 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. L. Caprio, A.G. Demir, and B. Previtali, J. Laser Appl. 30, 032305 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Shipley, D. McDonnell, M. Culleton, R. Coull, R. Lupoi, G. O’Donnell, and D. Trimble, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 128, 1 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Wu, Y. Chen, L. Kong, Z. Jing, and X. Liang, Cryst. 12, 1480 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. T. Ullsperger, D. Liu, B. Yürekli, G. Matthäus, L. Schade, B. Seyfarth, H. Kohl, R. Ramm, M. Rettenmayr, and S. Nolte, Addit. Manuf. 46, 102085 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  10. A.J. Pinkerton, and L. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 208–209, 405 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A.J. Pinkerton, and L. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 208–209, 411 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. G.A. Ravi, C. Qiu, and M.M. Attallah, Mater. Lett. 179, 104 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Li, H. Xiao, K. Liu, W. Xiao, Y. Li, X. Han, J. Mazumder, and L. Song, Mater. Des. 119, 351 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Xiao, P. Xie, M. Cheng, and L. Song, Addit. Manuf. 34, 101278 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  15. M. Cheng, X. Xiao, G. Luo, and L. Song, J. Mater. Res. Technol. (2022).

  16. H. Xiao, S.M. Li, W.J. Xiao, Y.Q. Li, L.M. Cha, J. Mazumder, and L.J. Song, Mater. Lett. 188, 260 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A. J. Summers, H. Yin, R. D. Fischer, B. C. Prorok, X. Lou, and Q. P. He, Proc. Am. Control Conf. 2592 (2022).

  18. A.G. Demir, P. Colombo, and B. Previtali, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 91, 2701 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. L. Eidam, O. Boine-Frankenheim, and D. Winters, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 887, 102 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Kim, S. Ji, and Y. Yun, J. Yeo 27, 113 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  21. E. Getto, B. Tobie, E. Bautista, A.L. Bullens, Z.T. Kroll, M.J. Pavel, K.S. Mao, D.W. Gandy, and J.P. Wharry, JOM 71, 2837 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M.C. Brennan, J.S. Keist, T.A. Palmer, D.L. Bourell, W. Frazier, H. Kuhn, and M. Seifi, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 30, 4808 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. L.L. Parimi, G. Ravi, D. Clark, and M.M. Attallah, Mater Charact 89, 102 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. C. Tang, K.Q. Le, and C.H. Wong, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 149, 119172 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. K. Saeidi, X. Gao, Y. Zhong, and Z. J. Shen, Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2015).

  26. D. Herzog, V. Seyda, E. Wycisk, and C. Emmelmann, Acta Mater. 117, 371 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M. E. Glicksman, Springer Sci. Bussiness Media (2010).

  28. T.T. Roehling, S.S.Q. Wu, S.A. Khairallah, J.D. Roehling, S.S. Soezeri, M.F. Crumb, and M.J. Matthews, Acta Mater. 128, 197 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. X. Song, J. Lei, J. Xie, and Y. Fang, Opt. Laser Technol. 119, 105593 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. L. Chen, Y. Sun, L. Li, and X. Ren, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 139655 (2020).

  31. L. Liu, Q. Ding, Y. Zhong, J. Zou, J. Wu, Y.-L. Chiu, J. Li, Z. Zhang, Q. Yu, and Z. Shen, Mater. Today 21, 354 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Wanni, J.G. Michopoulos, and A. Achuthan, Addit. Manuf. 51, 102603 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  33. T. Voisin, J.B. Forien, A. Perron, S. Aubry, N. Bertin, A. Samanta, A. Baker, and Y.M. Wang, Acta Mater. 203, 116476 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Z. Sun, X. Tan, S.B. Tor, and C.K. Chua, NPG Asia Mater. 10, 127 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Y.M. Wang, T. Voisin, J.T. McKeown, J. Ye, N.P. Calta, Z. Li, Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, T.T. Roehling, R.T. Ott, M.K. Santala, P.J. Depond, M.J. Matthews, A.V. Hamza, and T. Zhu, Nat. Mater. 17, 63 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. R.D. Fischer, M. Moaven, D. Kelly, S. Morris, B. Thurow, and B.C. Prorok, Addit. Manuf. Lett. 3, 100083 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. J.T. Busby, M.C. Hash, and G.S. Was, J. Nucl. Mater. 336, 267 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. F.K. Yan, B.B. Zhang, H.T. Wang, N.R. Tao, and K. Lu, Scr. Mater. 112, 19 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. F. Yin, G.J. Cheng, R. Xu, K. Zhao, Q. Li, J. Jian, S. Hu, S. Sun, L. An, and Q. Han, Scr. Mater. 155, 26 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. C. Kim, H. Yin, A. Shmatok, B.C. Prorok, X. Lou, and K.H. Matlack, Addit. Manuf. 38, 101800 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work was primarily sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology under contract NIST-70NANB18H220. Jingfan Yang is partially sponsored by The U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Energy University Program (NEUP) under the contract DE-NE0009193.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA

    Houshang Yin, Ralf D. Fischer & Bart Prorok

  2. School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA

    Jingfan Yang & Xiaoyuan Lou

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA

    Zilong Zhang & Lang Yuan

  4. School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA

    Xiaoyuan Lou

Authors
  1. Houshang Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jingfan Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ralf D. Fischer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zilong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bart Prorok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lang Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xiaoyuan Lou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaoyuan Lou.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yin, H., Yang, J., Fischer, R.D. et al. Pulsed Laser Additive Manufacturing for 316L Stainless Steel: A New Approach to Control Subgrain Cellular Structure. JOM 75, 5027–5036 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06177-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06177-8

Search

Navigation