Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Composition of Slags on the Slag Foaming Index

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The use of foaming slag in an electric arc furnace provides a reduction in the consumption of electric energy, electrodes, and refractories in the furnace. The objective of this study is to determine the foaming index of different slags of the CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO system, and to relate this index with the composition and viscosity of the slag and the volume of CO generated. The Factsage 8.0 software was used to simulate the determination of the viscosity of the liquid slag and the phases present in the slag at the temperature of 1650 °C. The height reached and the time of the foaming were measured by experiments carried out in an induction furnace with a MgO crucible. The generated volume of CO and the carbon consumption was calculated by mass balance through the variation of FeO between the initial and final percentages of FeO in the slag. The experimental results indicate that the best foaming conditions were achieved with slags containing 8% FeO and 22% MgO, 12% precipitated phases, ternary basicity between 1.2 and 1.4, and viscosity of 0.499 poise. The results showed that the most important parameter for obtaining a higher slag foaming index is the viscosity value.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. Aminorroaya-Yamini and E. Hossein, in 7th Eur. Electr. Steelmak. Conf. (Venice, 2002), pp. 2447–2456.

  2. T. da C. Avelar, Use of Recycled MgO-C Bricks and Dolomite Sinter Fines as a Conditioner for Foaming Slag in Electric Arc Furnaces, Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, 2013. (in Portuguese)

  3. T. A. Ávila, Slag Conditioning in an Electric Arc Furnace to Optimize Slag Foaming Conditions and Steel Refining, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 2011. (in Portuguese)

  4. K. Ito, and R.J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B 20, 509 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. K. Ito, and R.J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B 20, 515 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. K. Ito, and R.J. Fruehan, I Sm 16, 55 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. Jones, Iron Steelmak. 23, 1 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  8. H.S. Kim, D.J. Min, and J.H. Park, ISIJ Int. 41, 317 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. K.-S. Kwong, and J.P. Bennett, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 01, 69 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  10. K. Kwong, J. Bennett, R. Krabbe, A. Petty, and H. Thomas, in 138th Miner. Met. Mater. Annu. Meet. Exhib. (TMS 2009) (San Francisco, CA, 2009), pp. 63–70.

  11. A. P. Luz, T. A. Ávila, P. Bonadia, and V. C. Pandolfelli, in Refract. World Forum (2011), pp. 1–8.

  12. E.B. Pretorius, and R.C. Carlisle, Iron Steelmak. (I SM) 26, 79 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  13. S. Seetharaman, A. Mclean, R. Guthrie, S. Sridhar, A. Waltham, Heidelberg, London, New, Y. Oxford, P. San, D. San, F. Sydney, and Tokyo, Treatise on Process Metallurgy-Volume 3, 1st ed. (Elsevier Ltd, Coventry-UK, 2014).

  14. Z. Li, and C. Davis, Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016).

    Google Scholar 

  15. K.C. Mills, and B.J. Keene, Int. Mater. Rev. 32, 1 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. D. Huin, Y. Ogawa, H. Gaye, and N. Tokumitsu, ISIJ Int. 33, 224 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Y.-E. Chang, C.-M. Lin, J.-M. Shen, W.-T. Chang, and W. Wu, Metals (Basel). 11, 249 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Liukkonen, K. Penttilä, and P. Koukkari, A Compilation of Slag Foaming Phenomenon Research: Theoretical Studies, Industrial Experiments and Modelling (VTT Technology, Espoo, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  19. T.C. da Avelar, F.F. Grillo, E. Junca, J.L. Coleti, and J.R. de Oliveira, REM-Int. Eng. J. 71, 67 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Zhang, and R.J. Fruehan, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 26, 813 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank FAPES, CNPq e IFES for the financial assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vesuvius plc, 165 Fleet Street, London, EC4A 2AE, UK

    Thiago da Costa Avelar

  2. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PROPEMM), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espirito Santo (IFES), Vitória, 29040-780, Brazil

    Raphael Mariano de Souza, Thiago Durante, Felipe Fardin Grillo, Estéfano Aparecido Vieira & José Roberto de Oliveira

  3. Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil

    Eduardo Junca

  4. Department of Electric Engineering, City of Sao Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, 03071-000, Brazil

    Jean Carlo Camasmie de Paola

Authors
  1. Thiago da Costa Avelar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raphael Mariano de Souza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thiago Durante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Felipe Fardin Grillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Estéfano Aparecido Vieira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Eduardo Junca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jean Carlo Camasmie de Paola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. José Roberto de Oliveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raphael Mariano de Souza.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

da Costa Avelar, T., de Souza, R.M., Durante, T. et al. Influence of Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Composition of Slags on the Slag Foaming Index. JOM 75, 2045–2053 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05685-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05685-3

Search

Navigation