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Revealing the Mechanisms of Grain Nucleation and Formation During Additive Manufacturing

JOM volume 72, pages 1065–1073 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

The Interdependence model is now widely used to analyze the results of grain refinement studies. Although the model was developed to predict the grain size of an alloy cast under the assumptions of near equilibrium solidification and the presence of potent nucleant particles, it has been found to be applicable to a wide variety of alloys, casting methods, and cooling conditions. However, the strength of the Interdependence model is when it is used as a diagnostic tool that can reveal the mechanisms influencing the refinement of alloys under particular solidification conditions. This paper presents an introduction to the Interdependence model, its recent validation by experiment, and examples of how it can be applied to the solidification of alloys during additive manufacturing. For example, the model explains the difficulties in promoting a transition from columnar to equiaxed grains during additive manufacturing while also providing insights into how a fully equiaxed grain structure can be achieved.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge support of the University of Queensland’s School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering and the Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials processing and Manufacturing. M.B. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council Discovery Program and is in receipt of a Discover Early Career Researcher Award (DE160100260). M.B, D.StJ., M.E., and M.D. acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing of Medical Devices (IH150100024). M.E. and D.StJ. acknowledge support from DP160100560.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia

    Michael Bermingham, David StJohn & Matthew Dargusch

  2. RMIT Centre for Additive Manufacturing (CAM), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia

    Mark Easton

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA

    Lang Yuan

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  1. Michael Bermingham
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  2. David StJohn
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Correspondence to Michael Bermingham.

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Bermingham, M., StJohn, D., Easton, M. et al. Revealing the Mechanisms of Grain Nucleation and Formation During Additive Manufacturing. JOM 72, 1065–1073 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04019-5

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