Abstract
Micelle formation over a critical micelle concentration (CMC) is related to the economic removal of organics in a sodium aluminate solution. In this research, removal of organics was investigated by adding activated alumina and red mud. The micelle formation of sodium benzoate and sodium stearate, together with enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy, was discussed by detecting the surface tension. The removal rate of organics was > 21% with activated alumina or red mud in a concentrated sodium aluminate solution. Increasing benzoate (or stearate) concentration and elevating temperature decreased the surface tension. Furthermore, the concentrated sodium aluminate solution remarkably increased the cross-sectional headgroup area of sodium stearate compared with that of sodium benzoate and led to a strong depletion interaction and small organic assembly on the surface. The low CMC, large cross-sectional headgroup area and strong depletion interaction of micelles on the surface reduced the removal rate of organics in the sodium aluminate solution compared with that in water.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Power and J.S.C. Loh, Hydrometallurgy 105, 1 (2010).
F. Busetti, L. Berwick, S. McDonald, A. Heitz, C.A. Joll, J. Loh, and G. Power, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 6544 (2014).
G. Power, J.S.C. Loh, and K. Niemelä, Hydrometallurgy 108, 149 (2011).
G. Soucy, J.E. Larocque, and G. Forté, TMS Light Metals 1, 109 (2016).
R. Sonthalia, P. Behara, T. Kumaresan, and S. Thakre, Int. J. Miner. Process. 125, 137 (2013).
I. Nikolić, D. Blečića, N. Blagojević, V. Radmilović, and K. Kovačevićc, Hydrometallurgy 74, 1 (2004).
A.M. Paulaime, I. Seyssiecq, and S. Veesler, Powder Technol. 130, 345 (2003).
T. Machold, D.W. Laird, C.C. Rowen, P.M. May, and G.T. Hefter, Hydrometallurgy 107, 68 (2011).
S. Marciano, N. Mugnier, P. Clerin, B. Cristol, and P. Moulin, J. Membr. Sci. 281, 260 (2006).
M. Wang, H.P. Hu, and J.W. Liu, Trans. Nonferr. Metals Soc. 27, 429 (2017).
D.E. Smeulders, M.A. Wilson, H. Patney, and L. Armstrong, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39, 3631 (2000).
M. Mahmoudian, A. Ghaemi, and S. Shahhosseini, Hydrometallurgy 154, 137 (2015).
A.V. Samokhin, N.V. Alekseev, Y.A. Lainer, and Y.V. Tsvetkov, Russ. J. Nonferr. Metals 51, 217 (2010).
H.Y. Yu, X.L. Pan, T.T. Ding, W. Zhang, H. Liu, and S.W. Bi, Trans. Nonferr. Metals Soc. 21, 2323 (2011).
W.C. Ying, J.J. Duffy, and M.E. Tucker, Environ. Prog. 7, 262 (1988).
S.W. You, Y.F. Zhang, S.T. Cao, F.F. Chen, and Y. Zhang, Hydrometallurgy 115, 104 (2012).
Q.Q. Mi, J.Q. Li, H.X. Jin, and X.H. Mao, Hydrometall. China 4, 266 (2013).
D.W. Laird, C.C. Rowen, T. Machold, P.M. May, and G. Hefter, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 3613 (2013).
J.P. Li, Z.L. Yin, B.L. Lv, and Q.Y. Chen, Trans. Nonferr. Metals Soc. 20, 1855 (2010).
S. Zhao, S.W. Bi, X.Q. Ding, and Z.F. Tong, Min. Process. Extr. Metall. 114, 53 (2013).
G.H. Liu, G.Y. Wu, W. Chen, X.B. Li, Z.H. Peng, Q.S. Zhou, and T.G. Qi, Hydrometallurgy 176, 253 (2018).
B.L. Lv, Q.Y. Chen, Z.L. Yin, and H.P. Hu, Trans. Nonferr. Metals Soc. 20, s37 (2010).
H. Watling, Hydrometallurgy 55, 289 (2000).
L. Hnedkovsky, P.M. May, and G. Hefter, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 109, 100 (2017).
Ž. Živković, I. Mihajlović, I. Djurić, and N. Štrbac, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 41, 1116 (2010).
R. Luo, D.R. Zhang, Z. Zeng, and R.L. Lytton, Constr. Build. Mater. 98, 900 (2015).
X.B. Li, F. Niu, G.H. Liu, T.G. Qi, Q.S. Zhou, and Z.H. Peng, Trans. Nonferr. Metals Soc. 27, 908 (2017).
E. Frotscher, J. Höring, G. Durand, C. Vargas, and S. Keller, Anal. Chem. 89, 3245 (2017).
M.S. Akhter, Colloids Surf. A 121, 103 (1977).
S.M. Alawi and M.S. Akhter, J. Mol. Liq. 160, 63 (2011).
B.M. Folmer and K. Holmberg, Colloids Surf. A 180, 187 (2001).
A.H. Roux, D. Hétu, G. Perron, and J.E. Desnoyers, J. Solution Chem. 13, 1 (1984).
B. Jańczuk and A. Zdziennicka, J. Mol. Liq. 286, 1 (2019).
M.A. Khairul, J. Zanganeh, and B. Moghtaderi, Conserv. Recycl. 141, 483 (2019).
G. Power, J.S.C. Loh, and C. Vernon, Hydrometallurgy 127, 125 (2012).
R.K. Xu, Y.F. Hu, J.J. Dynes, A.Z. Zhao, R.I.R. Blyth, L.M. Kozaka, and P.M. Huang, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 6422 (2010).
X.B. Li, L. Yan, D.F. Zhao, Q.S. Zhou, G.H. Liu, Z.H. Peng, S.S. Yang, and T.G. Qi, Trans. Nonferr. Metals Soc. 23, 1472 (2013).
P. Palladino and R. Ragone, Langmuir 27, 14065 (2011).
Y.J. Wang, Y.C. Zhai, Y.W. Tian, Y.X. Han, and L.L. Liu, Chin. J. Process Eng. 3, 121 (2003).
P. Kanokkarn, T. Shiina, M. Santikunaporn, and S. Chavadej, Colloids Surf. A 524, 135 (2017).
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51874366).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, P., Liu, G., Li, X. et al. Effects of CMC and Micelle Formation on the Removal of Sodium Benzoate or Sodium Stearate in a Sodium Aluminate Solution. JOM 72, 263–269 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03853-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03853-6