Abstract
In situ x-ray tomography and three-dimensional (3D) x-ray diffraction analysis have been combined to investigate the mechanical behavior of noncemented and lightly cemented quartz particles under quasistatic confined uniaxial compaction. The motivation for this study is to understand the particle-scale origin of the mechanical behavior of cemented particulate materials and to isolate what makes this behavior distinct from that of noncemented particulate materials. Tomography measurements elucidated the particle packing structure, contact fabric, cementation, and particle fragmentation, while 3D x-ray diffraction measurements provided insight into particle rotations and particle-resolved strain and stress tensors. The cemented sample was found to exhibit higher resistance to individual particle fragmentation and significantly restrained particle motion, compared with the noncemented sample, likely due to the cement bridges between particles. This reduction in particle fragmentation and motion may explain the significantly enhanced macroscopic stiffness of the cemented sample, as well as the strong alignment of intraparticle principal stresses with the macroscopic strain direction. These findings advance particle-scale understanding of cemented granular media and provide motivation for further research focused on developing fundamental understanding of the constitutive response of these materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Duran, Sands, Powders, and Grains: An Introduction to the Physics of Granular Materials (Berlin, Springer, 2012).
D.M. Wood, Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
R.F. Gibson, Principles of Composite Material Mechanics (Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2011).
H.M. Jaeger, S.R. Nagel, and R.P. Behringer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68(4), 1259 (1996).
K. Iwashita, and M. Oda, Mechanics of Granular Materials: An Introduction (Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1999).
T.S. Majmudar, and R.P. Behringer, Nature 435(7045), 1079 (2005).
T. Majmudar, M. Sperl, S. Luding, and R.P. Behringer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(5), 058001 (2007).
M. Oda, S. Nemat-Nasser, and J. Konishi, Soils Found. 25(3), 85 (1985).
B. Zhang, and R.A. Regueiro, Int. J. Solids Struct. 66, 151 (2015).
M. Coop, and J. Atkinson, Geotechnique 43(1), 53 (1993).
A. Tengattini, A. Das, G.D. Nguyen, G. Viggiani, S.A. Hall, and I. Einav, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 70, 281 (2014).
J. Fonseca, P. Bésuelle, and G. Viggiani, Géotech. Lett. 3, 78 (2013).
B. Menéndez, W. Zhu, and T.F. Wong, J. Struct. Geol. 18(1), 1 (1996).
Y. Wang, and S. Leung, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134(7), 992 (2008).
A. Das, A. Tengattini, G.D. Nguyen, G. Viggiani, S.A. Hall, and I. Einav, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 70, 382 (2014).
M. Jiang, W. Zhang, Y. Sun, and S. Utili, Granul. Matter 15(1), 65 (2013).
P.A. Cundall, and O.D. Strack, Geotechnique 29(1), 47 (1979).
M. Jiang, S. Leroueil, and J. Konrad, Comput. Geotech. 31(6), 473 (2004).
M. Zeghal, and U. El Shamy, Powder Technol. 184(2), 254 (2008).
M. Mansouri, J.Y. Delenne, A. Seridi, and M. El Youssoufi, Powder Technol. 208(2), 532 (2011).
N. Estrada, A. Lizcano, and A. Taboada, Phys. Rev. E 82(1), 011303 (2010).
S. Luding, and F. Alonso-Marroquín, Granul. Matter 13(2), 109 (2011).
J. Desrues, G. Viggiani, and P. Besuelle, Advances in X-ray Tomography for Geomaterials, vol. 118 (Hoboken, Wiley, 2010).
S.A. Hall, M. Bornert, J. Desrues, Y. Pannier, N. Lenoir, G. Viggiani, and P. Bésuelle, Géotechnique 60(5), 315 (2010).
K.A. Alshibli, S. Sture, N.C. Costes, M.L. Frank, M.R. Lankton, S.N. Batiste, and R.A. Swanson, Geotech. Test. J. 23(3), 274 (2000).
A. Druckrey, K. Alshibli, and R. Al-Raoush, Géotechnique 68(2), 162 (2017).
R. Hurley, S. Hall, and J. Wright, Proc. R. Soc. A 473(2207), 20170491 (2017).
R. Hurley, J. Lind, D. Pagan, M. Homel, M. Akin, and E. Herbold, Phys. Rev. E 96(1), 012905 (2017).
R. Hurley, J. Lind, D. Pagan, M. Akin, and E. Herbold, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 112, 273 (2018).
C. Zhai, E. Herbold, S. Hall, and R. Hurley, J. Mech. Phys. Solidsin review (2019)
M. Cil, and K. Alshibli, Géotechn. Lett. 2(3), 161 (2012).
M.B. Cil, K. Alshibli, P. Kenesei, and U. Lienert, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 324, 11 (2014)
M.B. Cil, K.A. Alshibli, and P. Kenesei, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143(9), 04017048 (2017).
R. Hurley, S. Hall, J. Andrade, and J. Wright, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117(9), 098005 (2016).
J. Oddershede, S. Schmidt, H.F. Poulsen, H.O. Sørensen, J. Wright, and W. Reimers, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 43(3), 539 (2010).
T.F. Wong, and P. Baud, J. Struct. Geol. 44, 25 (2012).
P.A. Shade, B. Blank, J.C. Schuren, T.J. Turner, P. Kenesei, K. Goetze, R.M. Suter, J.V. Bernier, S.F. Li, and J. Lind et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86(9), 093902 (2015).
M. Sperl, Granul. Matter 8(2), 59 (2006).
K. Champley, Livermore tomography tools (ltt) technical manual. Tech. rep., LLNL Technical Report under development, (Dec 11, 2015) (2016).
N. Otsu, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9(1), 62 (1979).
M.A. Hashemi, G. Khaddour, B. François, T.J. Massart, and S. Salager, Acta Geotech. 9(5), 831 (2014).
J. Bernier, N. Barton, U. Lienert, and M. Miller, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des. 46(7), 527 (2011).
R.C. Hurley, E.B. Herbold, and D.C. Pagan, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 51, 4 (2018).
P. Heyliger, H. Ledbetter, and S. Kim, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114(2), 644 (2003).
D. Bi, J. Zhang, B. Chakraborty, and R.P. Behringer, Nature 480(7377), 355 (2011).
J. Shields, Adhesives Handbook (Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2013).
E. Ando, Experimental investigation of microstructural changes in deforming granular media using x-ray tomography. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Grenoble (2013).
Acknowledgements
This work is based upon research conducted at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences under NSF Award DMR-133208. R.C.H. acknowledges generous support from Johns Hopkins University’s Whiting School of Engineering and the Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute (HEMI). We thank Dr. Ryan Crum of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for assistance in making the single-crystal angular quartz used in this study. We thank Prof. Tejas Murthy of the Indian Institute of Science for fruitful discussions on the mechanics of cemented granular materials.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhai, C., Pagan, D.C. & Hurley, R.C. In Situ X-ray Tomography and 3D X-ray Diffraction Measurements of Cemented Granular Materials. JOM 72, 18–27 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03774-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03774-4