Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Kinetics of Rare Earth Extraction from Baotou Bastnaesite in Hydrochloric Acid and Aluminum Chloride

  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, the leaching kinetics of rare earth from Baotou bastnaesite in a HCl–AlCl3 solution was investigated. In addition, the effects of the HCl and AlCl3 concentrations, liquid to solid ratio, stirring speed, temperature, and time spent on the rare earth extraction were determined. The results indicated that the extraction was nearly independent of the stirring speed when it did not exceed 300 rpm, and the rate of leaching increased with increases in the HCl and AlCl3 concentrations, liquid to solid ratio, temperature, and time. The optimum dissolution conditions were determined under five experimental conditions. After leaching occurred, the progressive dissolution of the bastnaesite phase could be determined. The leaching kinetics was analyzed with a new variant of the shrinking core model in which both the interfacial transfer and diffusion across the product layer affected the rare earth extraction. The apparent activation energy was 35.57 kJ/mol, and the Arrhenius constant was 341.58 min−1. An empirical equation was derived to describe the extraction process of rare earth minerals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Z.Y. Wu, W.Y. Wu, S.C. Sun, X. Bian, and G.F. Tu, J. Rare Earth 25, 129 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  2. S.C. Sun, W.Y. Wu, X. Bian, and G.F. Tu, J. Rare Earth 25, 779 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Yörŭkoğlu, A. Obut, and İ. Girgin, Hydrometallurgy 68, 195 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. G. Zhu, R. Chi, W. Shi, and Z. Xu, Miner. Eng. 16, 671 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Chi and D. Wang, Beneficiation and Extraction of Rare Earth Ore (Beijing: Science Press, 1996), pp. 10–119.

    Google Scholar 

  6. R. Chi, X. Zhang, G. Zhu, Z.A. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, and FYu Miner, Eng. 17, 1037 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  7. S.C. Sun, B. Gao, Z.Y. Wu, X. Bian, W.Y. Wu, and G.F. Tu, Chin. J. Rare Met. 31, 400 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  8. X. Bian, J.L. Chen, Z.H. Zhao, S.H. Yin, Y. Luo, F.Y. Zhang, and W.Y. Wu, J. Rare Earth 28, 86 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. X.W. Huang, H.W. Li, X.X. Xue, and G.C. Zhang, J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc. 24, 129 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. L.Q. Zhang, F.C. Zhang, S.H. Yao, L.L. Jiang, and X.H. Wang, Chin. J. Process Eng. 7, 75 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  11. W.Y. Wu, X. Bian, S.C. Sun, and G.F. Tu, J. Rare Earth 24, 23 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. E. Tchomgui-Kamga, V. Alonzo, C.P. Nanseu-Njiki, N. Audebrand, E. Ngameni, and A. Darchen, Carbon 48, 333 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. E. Kumar, A. Bhatnagar, U. Kumar, and M. Sillanpää, J. Hazard. Mater. 186, 1042 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. N. Chen, Z.Y. Zhang, C.P. Feng, D.R. Zhu, Y.N. Yang, and N. Sugiura, J. Hazard. Mater. 186, 863 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. X.M. Wu, Y. Zhang, X.M. Dou, and M. Yang, Chemosphere 69, 1758 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Li, X.W. Zhang, Z.G. Liu, M.T. Wang, J. Liu, and J.P. Yang, Rare Met. 32, 312 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Li, X.W. Zhang, Z.G. Liu, Y.H. Hu, J. Liu, and J.P. Yang, Hydrometallurgy 140, 71 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. X. Bian (Doctoral dissertations, Northeastern University, 2008).

  19. Z.X. Liu, Z.L. Yin, H.P. Hu, and Q.Y. Chen, J. Cent. South Univ. 19, 77 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. M.T. Wei, C. Li, S. Qiu, X.J. Zhou, C.X. Li, and Z.G. Deng, Hydrometallurgy 104, 193 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. R. Dehghan, M. Noaparast, and M. Kolahdoozan, Hydrometallurgy 96, 275 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. H.M. Zhou, S.L. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and D.Q. Yi, Hydrometallurgy 80, 1119 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  23. M. Ashraf, Z.I. Zafar, and T.M. Ansari, Hydrometallurgy 80, 286 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51634005 and 51564042), the Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation (No. 2014ZD04), the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology University Scientific Research Foundation (No. 2015QDL24) and the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology University Scientific Research Young Teachers Backbone (No. 2016YQL07).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, China

    Xiao-Wei Zhang, Mei Li, Zhao-Gang Liu, Yan-Hong Hu & Mi-Tang Wang

Authors
  1. Xiao-Wei Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhao-Gang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yan-Hong Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mi-Tang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mei Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, XW., Li, M., Liu, ZG. et al. Kinetics of Rare Earth Extraction from Baotou Bastnaesite in Hydrochloric Acid and Aluminum Chloride. JOM 69, 1894–1900 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2379-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2379-6

Search

Navigation