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Nanotopography and Surface Stress Analysis of Ti6Al4V Bioimplant: An Alternative Design for Stability

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Abstract

The mechanical stability of biomedical Ti6Al4V rods with vertically aligned nanotubes structure formed on their surface has yet to be fully tested during insertion into the bone. The surface of rods impacted during insertion into a bone makes shear contact with bone, generating an interfacial stress. This stress plays an important role in osseointegration and may contribute to loosening between the bone and the implant during surgery. In the current study, the mechanical stability of various Ti6Al4V surfaces, including machined (M), rough (R), machined-anodized (MA), and rough-anodized (RA) surfaces, were tested and fully analyzed during insertion and pullout test into a simulant bone with densities 15 and 20 pounds per cubic foot (pcf). Our initial results from the field emission scanning electron microscopy images taken before and after insertion reveal that titania nanotubes remained stable and maintained their structural integrity during the insertion and pullout Instron test. Furthermore, from the interfacial stress calculation during the insertion, it was observed that compared with nonanodized rods, a higher force was required to insert the anodized rods. The interfacial stress generated during the insertion of anodized rods was 1.03 ± 0.11 MPa for MA and 1.10 ± 0.36 MPa for RA, which is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than nonanodized rods with 0.36 ± 0.07 MPa for M and 0.36 ± 0.08 MPa for R in simulant bone with density of 15 pcf. Similar behavior was also observed in 20 pcf simulant bone. Energy dissipated during anodized rod insertion (i.e., MA = 1.3 ± 0.04 Nm and RA = 1.23 ± 0.24 Nm) was not significantly different than nonanodized rod insertion (i.e., M = 0.9 ± 0.05 Nm and R = 1.04 ± 0.04 Nm) into 15 pcf simulant bone. The high stress during insertion of anodized rods suggests that the nanotubes on the surface can cause gripping and high friction on the radial side, resisting the counter motion of the bone. The latter may play a beneficial role in preventing micromotion between the bone and implant and therefore reducing the chance of fretting/fatigue corrosion.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Maria Runa for the surface roughness measurements performed in Dr. Wimmers’ Tribology lab at Rush University Medical Center, and Eric Schmidt and Isabella Vieira Marques for Ti-V rod sample preparation. The financial support was provided by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MTU, and the mechanical tests were conducted in the Biomechanics Research Laboratory at UIC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Sweetu Patel & Tolou Shokuhfar

  2. Department of Orthopedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Giovanni Francesco Solitro & Farid Amirouche

  3. Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Cortino Sukotjo & Tolou Shokuhfar

  4. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA

    Christos Takoudis

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA

    Christos Takoudis

  6. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Mathew T. Mathew

  7. Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Tolou Shokuhfar

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  1. Sweetu Patel
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Correspondence to Farid Amirouche or Tolou Shokuhfar.

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Patel, S., Solitro, G.F., Sukotjo, C. et al. Nanotopography and Surface Stress Analysis of Ti6Al4V Bioimplant: An Alternative Design for Stability. JOM 67, 2518–2533 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1341-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1341-8

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