Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electroplated Bimagnetic Microwires: From Processing to Magnetic Properties and Sensor Devices

  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multilayer microwires with biphase magnetic behavior are revisited in this work. They are fabricated by the combination of ultrarapid solidification and electroplating techniques, and they are composed by ferromagnetic nucleus, intermediate glass layer, and ferromagnetic outer shell. Different magnetic configurations have been explored: soft/hard (CoFeSiB/CoNi and FeSiB/CoNi), soft/soft (CoFeSiB/FeNi), and hard/soft (FePtSi/FeNi). Their magnetic properties are mainly determined by the magnetic interactions between both magnetic phases: (I) a magnetoelastic coupling that arises from the mechanical stresses induced during the growth of the external magnetic shell and (II) a magnetostatic bias field that arises from uncompensated magnetic charges of the hard layer. Most outstanding static (i.e., low-field hysteresis loops) and dynamic (i.e., magnetoimpedance and ferromagnetic resonance) properties are reviewed in this article. The possibility to tailor the magnetization reversal of the soft phase through the tuning of those magnetic couplings places multilayer biphase microwires in a very competitive position as functional sensing elements suitable for a number of technological applications. In particular, we focus on their use in multifunctional sensor devices and fluxgate applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. F.E. Luborsky, Amorphous Metallic Alloys (London: Butterworths, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  2. K. Handrich and S. Kobe, Amorphe Ferro- und Ferrimagnetika (Weinheim: Physik-Verlag, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  3. M. Vazquez, Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials (Chichester: Wiley, 2007), p. 2193.

    Google Scholar 

  4. M.E. McHenry, M.A. Willard, and D.E. Laughlin, Prog. Mater Sci. 44, 291 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Zhukov and V. Zhukova, Magnetic Properties and Applications of Ferromagnetic Microwires with Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Structure (Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2009), pp. 11788, 162.

  6. H. Chiriac and T.A. Ovari, Prog. Mater Sci. 40, 333 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Zhukov, J. Gonzalez, M. Vazquez, V. Larin, and A. Torcunov, Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, ed. H.S. Nalwa (Valencia, CA: American Scientific Publishers, 2004), p. 365.

    Google Scholar 

  8. M. Vazquez, H. Chiriac, A. Zhukov, L. Panina, and T. Uchiyama, Phys. Stat. Sol. A 238, 493 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J.P. Sinnecker, J.M. Garcia, A. Asenjo, M. Vazquez, and A. Garcia-Arribas, J. Mater. Res. 15, 751 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. J.M. Garcia, A. Asenjo, M. Vazquez, A.M. Yakunin, A.S. Antonov, and J.P. Sinnecker, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 3888 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Vázquez, L. Kraus, K. Pirota, G. Badini, and J. Torrejón, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 353, 763 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  12. P. Mendoza-Zelis, F. Sanchez, and M. Vazquez, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 034507 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. L. Kraus, K. Pirota, J. Torrejón, and M. Vázquez, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 063910 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. K. Pirota, M. Hernández-Vélez, D. Navas, A. Zhukov, and M. Vázquez, Adv. Funct. Mater. 14, 266 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Pirota, M. Provencio, K. García, P. Mendoza, M. Hernandez-Velez, and M. Vázquez, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 290, 68 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. G.A. Badini-Confalonieri, J. Torrejón, K.R. Pirota, and M. Vázquez, Magnetic Materials: Current Topics in Amorphous Wires, Hard Magnetic Alloys, Ceramics, Characterization and Modelling (Kerala: Research Sign Post, 2007), Chap. 3.

  17. J. Torrejón, G. Badini, K. Pirota, and M. Vázquez, Acta Mater. 55, 4271 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Badini-Confalonieri, G. Infante, J. Torrejón, and M. Vázquez, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 2443 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jacob Torrejon (Ph.D. thesis, Autonomous University, Madrid, 2009).

  20. German Infante, (Ph.D. thesis, Autonomous University, Madrid, 2010).

  21. K.Y. Wang, D.X. Chen, J. Arcas, V. Larin, J. Velazquez, M. Vazquez, and A. Hernando, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9, L573 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Zhukov, J. Gonzalez, J.M. Blanco, M. Vazquez, and V. Larin, J. Mater. Res. 15, 2107 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. H. Chiriac, F. Borza, and I. Murgulescu, Mater. Sci. Forum 373, 245 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Torrejón, G. Badini-Confalonieri, and M. Vázquez, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 07E712 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. R.S. Beach, N. Smith, C.L. Platt, F. Jeffers, and A.E. Berkowitz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2753 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Schlesinger and M. Paunovic, Modern Electroplating (New York: Wiley, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  27. M. Butta, P. Ripka, G. Infante, G.A. Badini-Confalonieri, and M. Vázquez, IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 4443 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Infante, G.A. Badini-Confalonieri, R.P. del Real, and M. Vázquez, J. Phys. D 43, 345002 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. R. El Kammouni, G. Infante, J. Torrejon, M.R. Britel, J. Brigui, and M. Vazquez, Phys. Stat. Sol. A 208, 520 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. J. Torrejón, G. Infante, K.J. Merazzo, and G.A. Badini-Confalonieri, IEEE Trans. Magn. 44, 3942 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. R. Varga, K.L. Garcia, M. Vazquez, and P. Vojtanik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017201 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Vazquez, G.A. Basheed, G. Infante, and R.P. del Real, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 037201 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. J. Ye, R.P. del Real, G. Infante, and M. Vazquez, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 043904 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. H. Chiriac, T.A. Ovari, and G. Pop, Phys. Rev. B 52, 10104 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. P. Aragoneses, J.M. Blanco, L. Dominguez, J. Gonzalez, A. Zhukov, and M. Vazquez, J. Phys. D 31, 3040 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. R. Varga, K.L. García, A. Zhukov, P. Vojtanik, and M. Vázquez, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2620 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. J. Torrejon, A. Thiaville, A.L. Adenot-Engelvin, M. Vázquez, O. Acher, and J. Mag, Magn. Mater. 323, 283 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. J. Torrejon, A. Thiaville, A.L. Adenot-Engelvin, and M. Vázquez, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 333, 144 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. J. Escrig, S. Allende, D. Altbir, M. Bahiana, G. Badini, J. Torrejón, and M. Vázquez, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 023907 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. L.V. Panina and K. Mohri, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1189 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. R.S. Beach and A.E. Berkowitz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3652 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Knobel, M. Vazquez, and L. Kraus, Giant Magnetoimpedance (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003), p. 497.

    Google Scholar 

  43. J. Torrejón, M. Vázquez, and L.V. Panina, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 033911 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. D. Menard and A. Yelon, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 322 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. O. Reynet, A.-L. Adenot, S. Deprot, O. Acher, and M. Latrach, Phys. Rev. B 66, 094412 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. S.E. Lofland, H. Garcia-Miquel, M. Vazquez, and S.M. Bhagat, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 2058 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. D.P. Makhnovskiy and L.V. Panina, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 4120 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. L. Kraus, G. Infante, Z. Frait, and M. Vazquez, Phys. Rev. B 83, 174438 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. D. Menard, M. Britel, P. Ciureanu, A. Yelon, V.P. Paramonov, A.S. Antonov, P. Rudkowski, and J.O. Ström-Olsen, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 4032 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Torrejón, G. Badini, and M. Vázquez, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 023913 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. A.N. Antonenko, S.A. Baranov, V.S. Larin, and A.V. Torcunov, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 247, 248 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  52. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics (New York: Wiley, 1996), Chap. 16, p. 503.

  53. J. Torrejón, G. Badini, and M. Vázquez, J. Phys. D 43, 145001 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. R. El Kammouni and M. Vazquez, IEEE Trans. Magn. 49, 34 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. G. Rauscher and C. Radeloff, Magnetic Sensors, ed. R. Boll and K.J. Overshott (Weinheim: Wiley VCH, 1989), p. 315.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  56. K. Mohri, IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 942 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. A. Hernando, A. Zhukov, M. Vázquez, V. Larin, A. Torkunov, and A. Antonenko, ES patent 9601993 (1993).

  58. E. Hristoforou and D. Niarchos, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 116, 177 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. T. Meydan and M.S. Elshebani, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 112, 344 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. E. Pulido, R.P. del Real, F. Conde, G. Rivero, M. Vázquez, and A. Hernando, IEEE Trans. Magn. 27, 5241 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. M. Vázquez, F. Castaño, T.A. Ovari, V. Raposo, and A. Hernando, Sens. Actuator. A 91, 112 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. A. Zhukov, M. Vázquez, and J.M. Beneytez, J. Phys. IV 8, 763 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  63. W. Wulfhekel, H. Ding, W. Lutzke, G. Steirl, M. Vázquez, P. Marín, and A. Hernando, Appl. Phys. A 72, 463 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. K. Mohri, T. Uchiyama, L.P. Shen, C.M. Cai, L.V. Panina, Y. Honkura, and M. Yamamoto, IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 3063 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. G. Kurlyandskaya and V. Levit, Biosen. Bioelectron. 20, 1611 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. S.A. Baranov, Tech. Phys. Lett. 43, 122 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  67. C. Gomez-Polo, J. Soto-Armañanzas, J. Olivera, J.I. Perez-Landazabal, S. Larumbe, M.A. Miranda, C.A. de la Cruz, I. Mendizabal, S.A. Korili, and A. Gil, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 3787 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  68. M. Vazquez, H. Pfützner, K. Pirota, G. Badini, and J. Torrejón, EU patent PCT/ES2005/070173 (2006).

  69. J. Torrejón, G. Badini, K. Pirota, and M. Vázquez, Sens. Lett. 5, 153 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. J. Torrejón, G. Badini, K. Pirota, and M. Vázquez, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 316, 575 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. K. Narita, IEEE Trans. Magn. 16, 435 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. A. Hernando, M. Vazquez, V. Madurga, E. Ascasibar, and M. Liniers, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 61, 39 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. J. Torrejón, K.R. Pirota, G.A. Badini-Confalonieri, and M. Vázquez, Sens. Lett. 7, 1 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. A. Zhukov, J.M. García Beneytez, and M. Vazquez, ES patent 9600172 (1996).

  75. L. Kraus, Z. Freit, K. Pirota, and H. Chiriac, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 254–255, 399 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. S. Sandacci, D. Makhnovsky, L. Panina, K. Mohri, and Y. Honkura, IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 3505 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. H. Pfützner, E. Kaniusas, J. Kosel, L. Mehnen, T. Meydan, M. Vázquez, M. Rhon, A.M. Merlo, and B. Marquardt, Sens. Actuators 129, 154 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. E. Kaniusas, H. Pfützner, L. Mehnen, J. Kosel, J.C. Tellez-Blanco, G. Varoneckas, A. Alonderis, T. Meydan, M. Vázquez, M. Rhon, A.M. Merlo, and B. Marquardt, IEEE Sens. J. 6, 819 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. F. Primdhal, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 12, 241 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. I. Sasada, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7789 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Butta, P. Ripka, G. Infante, G.A. Badini-Confalonieri, and M. Vazquez, IEEE Trans. Magn. 46, 2562 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. M. Vazquez, G. Badidni, G. Infante, M. Butta, and P. Ripka, patent PCT/ES2009/070417 (2009).

  83. M. Butta, P. Ripka, M. Vazquez, G. Infante, and L. Kraus, Sens. Lett. (2013, in press).

  84. F. Borza, S. Corodeanu, N. Lupu, and H. Chiriac, J. Alloy. Compd. 554, 150 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. V. Rodionova, A. Nikosin, J. Torrejon, G. Badidni-Confalonieri, N. Perov, and M. Vazquez, IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 3787 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. V. Morin, R. El Kammouni, R.P. del Real, and M. Vazquez, unpublished work (2013).

  87. V. Kolesar, R. El Kammouni, M. Kubliha, V. Labas, and M. Vazquez, unpublished work (2013).

Download references

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the Spanish Ministries of Science and Technology (last Project MAT2010-20798), the European Communities under Project B-Sens Growth GRD1-2001-40725, and Czech-Spain bilateral framework Programs P2008CZ0020 and P2006CZ0020, and Morocco-Spain bilateral Framework Program P2005MA0112. J. Torrejon and G. Infante are thankful to MEC for Ph.D. Fellowships. The authors deeply acknowledge very fruitful discussions and hospitality at their Research Centers to Ludek Kraus, Larissa Panina, Juan Escrig, Dora Altbir, Rastislav Varga, Mohamed R. Britel, Mattia Butta, and Pavel Ripka.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jacob Torrejón

    Present address: National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan

  2. Germán Infante

    Present address: IMDEA Materials, 28906, Madrid, Spain

  3. Kleber R. Pirota

    Present address: Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, University Estadual Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083970, Brazil

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Materials Science, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Jacob Torrejón, Germán Infante, Giovanni Badini-Confalonieri, Kleber R. Pirota & Manuel Vázquez

Authors
  1. Jacob Torrejón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Germán Infante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giovanni Badini-Confalonieri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kleber R. Pirota
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Manuel Vázquez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacob Torrejón.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Torrejón, J., Infante, G., Badini-Confalonieri, G. et al. Electroplated Bimagnetic Microwires: From Processing to Magnetic Properties and Sensor Devices. JOM 65, 890–900 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0614-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0614-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation