References
Rose J, Gamble JG, Burgos A, Medeiros J, Haskell WL (1990) Energy expenditure index of walking for normal children and for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 32(4):333–340
Ganjwala D (2011) Multilevel orthopaedic surgery for crouch gait in cerebral palsy: an evaluation using functional mobility and energy cost. Indian J Orthop 45(4):314–319. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.82334
Nene AV, Evans GA, Patrick JH (1993) Simultaneous multiple operations for spastic diplegia. Outcome and functional assessment of walking in 18 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 75(3):488–494
Olerud C, Rosendahl Y (1987) Torsion-transmitting properties of the hind foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 214:285–294
Gaston MS, Rutz E, Dreher T, Brunner R (2011) Transverse plane rotation of the foot and transverse hip and pelvic kinematics in diplegic cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 34(2):218–221. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.05.001
Gage JR (2004) The treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy, vol 1. Mac Keith, Lavenham
Zajac FE, Gordon ME (1989) Determining muscle’s force and action in multi-articular movement. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 17:187–230
Brunner R, Dreher T, Romkes J, Frigo C (2008) Effects of plantar flexion on pelvis and lower limb kinematics. Gait Posture 28(1):150–156
Simon SR, Deutsch SD, Nuzzo RM, Mansour MJ, Jackson JL, Koskinen M, Rosenthal RK (1978) Genu recurvatum in spastic cerebral palsy. Report on findings by gait analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 60(7):882–894
Tredinnick TJ, Duncan PW (1988) Reliability of measurements of concentric and eccentric isokinetic loading. Phys Ther 68(5):656–659
Frigo C, Pavan EE, Brunner R (2010) A dynamic model of quadriceps and hamstrings function. Gait Posture 31(1):100–103. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.09.006
Siegel KL, Kepple TM, Stanhope SJ (2004) Joint moment control of mechanical energy flow during normal gait. Gait Posture 19(1):69–75
Brunner R, Romkes J (2008) Abnormal EMG muscle activity during gait in patients without neurological disorders. Gait Posture 27(3):399–407
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Brunner, R., Rutz, E. Biomechanics and muscle function during gait. J Child Orthop 7, 367–371 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-013-0508-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-013-0508-5