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Bioactivity of Sphaeranthus indicus leaf extracts on the aquatic stages of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes

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Abstract

The prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases is increasing due to urbanization and climate change. Synthetic insecticides have resulted in resistance, and alternative control methods are needed. This study evaluated hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts from Sphaeranthus indicus leaves for their efficacy against the larvae, pupae and eggs of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The plant materials were coarsely powdered and sequentially extracted in hexane, chloroform, and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by filtration and concentration under reduced pressure with a rotary vacuum evaporator. In the case of Ae. aegypti, the hexane extract exhibited notable toxicity against all three examined stages. The LC50 values for larval mortality, pupal lethality, and ovicidal activity were determined to be 81.83 ppm, 86.13 ppm, and 63.2 ppm, respectively. Similarly, for Cx. quinquefasciatus, the hexane extract showed efficacy with LC50 values of 81.23 ppm for larval mortality, 93.24 ppm for pupal lethality, and 75.2 ppm for ovicidal activity. Following the hexane extract, the chloroform and methanol extracts demonstrated moderate larvicidal and pupicidal activity against both mosquito species, but they exhibited limited effectiveness against ovicidal activity. These findings suggest the potential use of natural extracts as supplementary control measures against mosquito vectors.

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Data availability

Data and materials have been provided with the manuscript as tables and figures. The datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Ae. aegypti :

Aedes aegypti

Cx. quinquefasciatus :

Culex quinquefasciatus

S. indicus :

Sphaeranthus indicus

LC:

Lethal concentration

LL:

Lower limit

UL:

Upper limit

PPM:

Parts per million

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the college’s principal and secretary for their motivating encouragement. They also extend their thanks to the Director and scientists at the Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, for their valuable support and the provision of experimental facilities.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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  1. PG and Research Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600034, India

    Alex Yagoo, M. C. John Milton & Jelin Vilvest

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  1. Alex Yagoo
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The idea for this article was conceived by AY, JM, and JV, who also wrote the manuscript. The data analysis was carried out by AY and JV. The final manuscript was read and approved by all writers.

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Correspondence to Alex Yagoo.

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Yagoo, A., Milton, M.C.J. & Vilvest, J. Bioactivity of Sphaeranthus indicus leaf extracts on the aquatic stages of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-024-10060-x

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