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Assessing important floral resources supporting two species of Exomalopsis (Apidae) in agricultural cultivation areas: insights from pollen load analysis

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Abstract

Pollination plays a vital role in maintaining ecological functioning of ecosystems, and bees are the main pollinating insects in natural and agricultural areas. Identification of bee food sources can be carried out directly by observing their visits to flowers, or indirectly by analyzing the pollen they carry. Pollen analysis is employed to determine the breadth of the bees’ dietary niche and understand the relationship between flower traits, pollen grains, and floral resources. While Exomalopsis females were previously recorded as pollinators of Solanaceae species, information regarding their trophic niche in agricultural areas remains limited but is essential for the management of these wild pollinators. In this study we accessed the floral resources used by two Exomalopsis species (E. analis and E. auropilosa) through pollen analysis in their scopae, using cultivated Capsicum cultivars (Solanaceae) as target plants. Pollen samples from 56 Exomalopsis females (21 from E. analis and 35 from E. auropilosa) revealed 58 pollen types belonging to 24 botanical families, with the highest values found for Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae. E. auropilosa showed greater pollen type richness (46) with 3–10 types per bee, while E. analis had 43 types with 3–13 types per individual. Capsicum, a pollen, and nectar source constituted approximately 77% of the pollen loads. Most of other plant species identified were arboreal and provided nectar to these pollinators. Trophic niche overlap between Exomalopsis species was low. The conservation of wildflowers surrounding pepper cultivations is essential for maintaining these two important pollinators in agricultural areas. Additionally, areas with bare soil can contribute to the persistence of Exomalopsis populations.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the team at the Bee Ecology and Pollination Laboratory (CBB/LCA-UENF) and Luiz Fernando Felix de Sousa for their help in the field and support.

Funding

This study was funded by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (E.26/204.489/2021). JMC received a FAPERJ Grant (E.26/204.488/2021). VRM received a scholarship from the Dean of Research and Postgraduate Studies at the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (Notice 04/2021). RR received financial support from FAPERJ (CNE E-26/200.919/2021) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (311126/2021-9). LSC received a FAPERJ grant (E-26/201.358/2023; E-26/200.279/2021) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—CAPES (processes 88887.824249/2023-00; 88881.846057/2023-01) for the scholarship. LSC is funded by the Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity—FUNBIO. MCG received financial support from FAPERJ (CNE E-26/201.149/2021 and E-26/210.167/2023) and CNPq (311577/2021-0).

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  1. Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Jéssica Morais Cunha, Vanessa Ribeiro Matos, Lázaro da Silva Carneiro & Maria Cristina Gaglianone

  2. Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Rosana Rodrigues & Cláudia Pombo Sudré

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  1. Jéssica Morais Cunha
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  5. Lázaro da Silva Carneiro
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Contributions

Cunha JM., Sudré CP, Rodrigues R and Gaglianone MC performed the study conception and design. Cunha JM, Matos VR and Carneiro LS contributed the material preparation, data collection, identifying the pollen grains, the network and statistical analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cunha JM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Cunha, J.M., Matos, V.R., Rodrigues, R. et al. Assessing important floral resources supporting two species of Exomalopsis (Apidae) in agricultural cultivation areas: insights from pollen load analysis. Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-024-10054-9

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