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Symbiont-mediated adaptation by planthoppers and leafhoppers to resistant rice varieties

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Abstract

For over 50 years, host plant resistance has been the principal focus of public research to reduce planthopper and leafhopper damage to rice in Asia. Several resistance genes have been identified from native varieties and wild rice species, and some of these have been incorporated into high-yielding rice varieties through conventional breeding. However, adaptation by hoppers to resistant rice has been phenomenally rapid, and hopper populations with virulence against several resistance genes are now widespread. Directional genetic selection for virulent hoppers seems unlikely given the rapid pace of adaptation reported from field and laboratory studies. Among the alternative explanations for rapid hopper adaptation are changes (genetic, epigenetic, or community structure) in endosymbiont communities that become advantageous for planthoppers and leafhoppers that feed on resistant rice varieties. This review examines the nature of these symbiont communities and their functions in planthoppers and leafhoppers—focusing on their likely roles in mediating adaptation to plant resistance. Evidence from a small number of experimental studies suggests that bacterial and eukaryotic (including yeast-like) symbionts can determine or mediate hopper virulence on rice plants and that symbiont functions could change over successive generations of selection on both resistant and susceptible plants. The review highlights the potential complexity of rice hopper–symbiont interactions and calls for a more careful choice of research materials and methods to help reduce this complexity. Finally, the consequences of symbiont-mediated virulence adaptation for future rice breeding programs are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank DuPont Pioneer, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Cereal System Initiative for South Asia—CSISA) and the Asian Development Bank (Reta 6489) for funding to undertake this research. Ajay Kohli (IRRI) and two anonymous reviewers gave many helpful comments on the manuscript. This is paper #3 from the New Paradigms in Ricehopper Resistance Workshop held at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines, in October 2010. Funding for the workshop was provided by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and the Research Directorate of IRRI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines

    Jedeliza B. Ferrater & Finbarr G. Horgan

  2. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Jedeliza B. Ferrater, Peter W. de Jong & Marcel Dicke

  3. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, USA

    Yolanda H. Chen

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  1. Jedeliza B. Ferrater
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  2. Peter W. de Jong
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  5. Finbarr G. Horgan
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Correspondence to Finbarr G. Horgan.

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Ferrater, J.B., de Jong, P.W., Dicke, M. et al. Symbiont-mediated adaptation by planthoppers and leafhoppers to resistant rice varieties. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 7, 591–605 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-013-9277-9

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