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Genetische Risiken der assistierten Reproduktion

Genetic risks of assisted reproduction

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medizinische genetik

Zusammenfassung

Kinderwunschpatienten müssen vor einer Behandlung über die genetischen Risiken individuell beraten werden. Chromosomenanomalien sind für etwa 5% der männlichen Subfertilität verantwortlich. Im Fall einer Azoospermie liegt die Rate bei 15%. Daher sollte bei einer männlichen Subfertilität bei einer Spermienzahl <20 Mio./ml eine Chromosomenanalyse bei beiden Partnern durchgeführt werden, da ein erhöhtes Risiko für genetische Veränderungen besteht. Ein Klinefelter-Syndrom oder eine Robertson-Translokation können für eine männliche Subfertilität verantwortlich sein. Mutationen des CFTR-Gens sowie Veränderungen des Y-Chromosoms findet man gehäuft bei männlicher Subertiltät. Mikrodeletionen treten am häufigsten am langen Arm des Y-Chromosoms auf (Yq) und betreffen Gene, die direkt in die Spermatogenese involviert sind, insbesondere das AZF-Gen.

Bezüglich Schwangerschaftsverlauf und neonatalem Outcome der Kinder müssen Kinderwunschpatienten darüber aufgeklärt werden, dass während der Schwangerschaft und der Geburt häufiger Komplikationen auftreten als nach Spontankonzeption. Das Fehlgeburtsrisiko ist um das 1,3-Fache erhöht, dies ist jedoch vermutlich Folge der Subfertilität sowie weiterer Risikofaktoren, die die Paare mitbringen, und nicht Folge der Therapie. Das Risiko für Schwangerschaftskomplikationen wie Präeklampsie, Wachstumsretardierung und Totgeburt ist ebenfalls erhöht. Zudem ist das Fehlbildungsrisiko sowohl bei der IVF-Therapie als auch bei der ICSI-Therapie um das 1,3-Fache erhöht.

Abstract

Infertility patients have to be counseled about the genetic risks before treatment. Chromosomal anomalies can be found in 5% of subfertile men and in cases of azoospermia the frequency even rises to 15%. Therefore a chromosome analysis should be performed in men with a sperm count <20 million/ml and also in their partners. Klinefelter’s syndrome as well as a Robertsonian translocation can cause male subfertility. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and deletions in the Y chromosome have been described as being more frequent in these cases.

Regarding pregnancy and neonatal outcome of children, patients have to be counseled about the increased risk of complications. The abortion rate is increased by 1.3-fold, although this is most likely caused by the subfertility of the couple and other risk factors and not caused by the therapy. Complications during pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, growth retardation, stillbirth and a low birth weight are more common after assisted reproduction. The incidence of congenital anomalies is increased by 1.3-fold after in vitro fertilization (IVF) as well as after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) therapy.

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  1. amedes, Zentrum für Endokrinologie, Kinderwunsch und Pränatale Medizin, Mönckebergstr. 10 (Barkhof), 20095, Hamburg, Deutschland

    M. Ludwig & A.K. Ludwig

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Ludwig, M., Ludwig, A. Genetische Risiken der assistierten Reproduktion. medgen 23, 275–280 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11825-011-0273-0

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