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Imprinting des RB1-Gens und „Parent-of-Origin-Effekte“ beim Retinoblastom

Imprinting of the RB1 gene and parent-of-origin effects in retinoblastoma

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medizinische genetik

Zusammenfassung

Mutationen beider Allele des Retinoblastomgens (RB1) sind Voraussetzung für die Entstehung des Retinoblastoms. Dieser Augentumor kann auf der Grundlage einer autosomal-dominanten Disposition entstehen, die durch Keimbahnmutationen im RB1-Gen verursacht wird. Die Entstehung eines Tumorherds wird durch eine somatische Mutation des anderen RB1-Allels ausgelöst. Bei Patienten mit der nichterblichen Form sind beide RB1-Mutationen somatisch. Beim erblichen und beim nichterblichen Retinoblastom können Elterneffekte beobachtet werden. Diesen ist gemeinsam, dass die onkogene Wirkung der ersten Mutation höher ist, wenn sie das RB1-Allel paternaler Herkunft betrifft. Das RB1-Gen des Menschen unterliegt dem Imprinting: Als indirekte Folge differenzieller Methylierung einer CpG-Insel im Intron 2 überwiegt die Expression der mit Exon 1 beginnenden Transkripte vom maternalen, methylierten Allel. Ob und wie das Imprinting dieser CpG-Insel zu den beobachteten Elterneffekten führt, ist noch ungeklärt.

Abstract

Mutations in both alleles of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) are required for the development of retinoblastoma, a childhood tumor of the eye. Hereditary predisposition to this tumor is caused by heterozygous RB1 gene mutations. A tumor focus is initiated by a second somatic mutation that inactivates the remaining RB1 allele. In non-hereditary retinoblastoma both the first and second mutation occur in somatic cells. The human RB1 gene is imprinted. It contains a CpG island in intron 2 that is methylated on the paternal allele only and, mediated by promoting expression of an alternative transcript, reduces expression of the regular paternal relative to the maternal RB1 transcript. Parent-of-origin effects have been identified in hereditary and in non-hereditary retinoblastoma. These effects have in common that the oncogenic effect of the first mutation is higher if a paternal allele is hit. It is plausible that some mechanisms link differential methylation of the CpG island and the observed parent-of-origin effects.

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Lohmann, D. Imprinting des RB1-Gens und „Parent-of-Origin-Effekte“ beim Retinoblastom. medgen 22, 429–433 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11825-010-0243-y

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