Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über biomathematische Modelle für Müdigkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit des Menschen mit dem Ziel, offene Fragen und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren.
Fast alle Müdigkeits- und Alertnessmodelle basieren auf dem Zwei-Prozess-Modell der Schlafregulation. Sie stellen eine mathematische Formulierung des Zwei- Prozess-Modells dar, die auf verschiedene Parameter wie Alertness, Müdigkeit, Schläfrigkeit, Leistungsfähigkeit und Unfallrisiko zielt. Eines der betrachteten Modelle ist ausschließlich empirisch ohne die Regulation des Schlafs einzubeziehen.
Unterschiede zwischen den Modellen ergeben sich aus der Art der Daten, die in das Modell eingegangen sind. Diese Daten bestimmen die möglichen Anwendungsgebiete der Modelle von der Luftfahrt über Auto- und Lkw-Fahrer zu industrieller Schichtarbeit.
Zudem können Müdigkeitsmodelle zur Ausbildung eingesetzt werden. Sie können die Folgen von unregelmäßiger Arbeitszeit anschaulich machen. Ein anderer Zweck der Modelle ist, wissenschaftliche Hypothesen zu generieren, die durch Experimente überprüft werden können.
Wichtige Gesichtspunkte zur weiteren Verbesserung der Modelle umfassen die Berücksichtigung kumulativer Müdigkeitseffekte, individueller Unterschiede, externer Faktoren wie Lichtexposition sowie die Berücksichtigung von Müdigkeitseffekten, die durch Tätigkeiten induziert werden.
Summary
Existing biomathematical models of human fatigue and performance are reviewed with the aim of identifying open questions and ways of improving models.
Most fatigue and alertness models are based on the twoprocess model of sleep regulation. They present a mathematical formulation of the two-process model targeted on different metrics including alertness, fatigue, sleepiness, performance measures and accident risk. One of the reviewed fatigue models is completely empirical without reference to sleep regulation.
Differences between the models result from the specific data set on which a model is based. These data sets determine the possible application areas for the models ranging from airline operations, car and truck drivers to industrial shift work.
It is generally accepted that fatigue models are useful also for educating people about fatigue in non-standard work situations and for generating scientific hypotheses that can be tested by experiments.
Important points for the improvement of models include the consideration of cumulative fatigue, interindividual differences, effects of external factors such as light on fatigue, and task-related effects. Very few models consider the task-related fatiguing effect of different activities.
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Gundel, A., Marsalek, K. & ten Thoren, C. A critical review of existing mathematical models for alertness. Somnologie 11, 148–156 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-007-0312-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-007-0312-x