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Preparation and characterization of room-temperature chemically expanded graphite: Application for cationic dye removal

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Abstract

A facile, effective, and eco-friendly process was developed for the preparation of chemically expanded graphite (CEG) under ambient conditions using natural flake graphite as raw material, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as an oxidative intercalating agent, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the reactive species. The results showed that the CEG had an interconnected and highly porous structure, and some oxygen-containing groups were grafted on the graphite layer by the oxidation-intercalation process. The absence of the graphite diffraction peak at 26° in the XRD pattern of expanded graphite (EG) indicates that the intercalation and expansion processes were complete, and most of the starting graphite layers were converted into the graphene sheets. The sulfuric acid concentration was the most effective parameter on the expansion, and the maximum expansion occurred at a sulfuric acid concentration of 77.5%. The other optimum preparation conditions were obtained at 1.5 g of KMnO4 and 30 mL of H2O2 30%. Under the optimal condition, the developed room-temperature liquid-phase intercalation and expansion processes led to an expansion volume of up to 250 times. The potential application of the as-prepared CEG in environmental clean-up was evaluated by adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) from the aqueous solution. The kinetic studies exhibited that the MB adsorption onto the CEG followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data were fitted well with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 399.08 mg g−1. The findings indicate that the CEG would be potentially applicable in water purification.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant provided by the School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Mahnaz Movafaghi Ardestani, Bahar Forouzesh Rad & Majid Baghdadi

  2. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, USA

    Shokouh Mahpishanian

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia

    Mehran Janmohammadi

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  1. Mahnaz Movafaghi Ardestani
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Correspondence to Majid Baghdadi.

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Ardestani, M.M., Mahpishanian, S., Rad, B.F. et al. Preparation and characterization of room-temperature chemically expanded graphite: Application for cationic dye removal. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 1496–1506 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1084-5

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