Abstract
This study investigated the toxicity of Cu (1, 10, 15, and 25 mol%) loaded TiO2 and pure TiO2 nanometersized photocatalysts during the development of zebrafish embryogenesis. The hatch rate decreased in the Cu x TiO y nanoparticles exposed groups (10, 20 ppt) compared to pure TiO2 nano-particles (10, 20 ppt) exposed or control groups. These Cu x TiO y and TiO2 nanoparticles led to developing mutated embryos with abnormal notochord formation, no tail, damaged eyes and abnormal heart development. Exposure to Cu x TiO y and pure TiO2 nanoparticles led to glutathione increase, catalase activity increase, GST increase and GSR increase than control. Penetration of the Cu x TiO y and pure TiO2 nanoparticles to the embryo was also tested. It was observed that Cu x TiO y and pure TiO2 nanoparticles penetrated into cells. Moreover Cu x TiO y penetrated into the skin, nerve and yolk sac epithelium cells on the zebrafish larvae as aggregated particles, which may induce the direct interaction between nanoparticles and cell to cause adverse biological responses. As a result, the Cu-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles had the toxicity of zebrafish embryo and larvae in the water environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. Sreethawong, Y. Suzuki and S. Yoshikawa, Catal. Commun., 6,119 (2005).
W. Ho, J. C. Yu and J. Yu, Langmuir, 21, 3486 (2005).
S. Kim, S. Hwang and W. Choi, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 24260 (2005).
T. J. Kemp and R. A. McIntyre, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 91, 165 (2006).
I. Tseng, J. C. S. Wu and H. Chou, J. Catal., 221, 432 (2004).
Z. Li, W. Shen, W. He and X. Zu, J. Hazard. Mater., 155, 590 (2008).
R. Janes, L. J. Knightley and C. J. Harding, Dyes Pigments, 62, 199 (2004).
H. J. Choi and M. Kang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 32, 3841 (2007).
M. Moore, Environ. Int., 32, 967 (2006).
S. B. Lovern and R. Klaper, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25, 1132 (2006).
C. G. Daughton, Environ. Impact Asses. Rev., 24, 711 (2004).
A. N. Jha, Mut. Res., 552, 1 (2004).
P. S. Huovinen, H. Penttila and M. R. Soimasuo, Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 59, 15 (2000).
M. Tedetti and R. Sempere, J. Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 389 (2006).
D. P. Hader and R. P. Sinha, Mutat. Res., 571, 221 (2005).
J. F. Reeves, S. J. Davies, N. J. F. Dodd and A. N. Jha, Mutat. Res., 640, 113 (2008).
S. Raisuddin and A. N. Jha, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 44, 83 (2004).
N. C. Bols, R. C. Ganassin, D. J. Tom and L. E. Lee, Cytotechnology, 16, 159 (1994).
T. Uchino, H. Tokunaga, M. Ando and H. Utsumi, Toxicol. Vitro, 16, 629 (2002).
R. Konaka, E. Kasahara, W. C. Dunlap, Y. Yamamoto, K. C. Chien and M. Inoue, Redox Rep., 6, 319 (2001).
C. Chen, P. Lei, H. Ji, W. Ma, J. Zhao, H. Hidaka and N. Serpone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 329 (2004).
T. C. Long, N. Saleh, R. D. Tilton, G. V. Lowry and B. Veronesi, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4346 (2006).
C. Cox, J. Pestic. Reform., 11, 2 (1991).
J. Gabbay, G. Borkow, J. Mishal, E. Magen, R. Zatcoff and Y. Shemer-Avni, J. Ind. Text., 35, 323 (2006).
M. Heinlaan, A. Ivask, I. Blinova, H. C. Dubourguier and A. Kahru, Chemosphere, 71, 1308 (2008).
M. Moore, Environ. Int., 32, 967 (2006).
C. G. Daughton, Environ. Impact Asses. Rev., 24, 711 (2004).
A. N. Jha, Mut. Res., 552, 1 (2004).
M. K. Yeo and M. Kang, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 29, 1179 (2008).
W. Kimmel, S. Ballard, B. K. Ullman and T. Schilling, Dev. Dynam., 203, 253 (1995).
Z. Cao and Y. Li, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 292, 50 (2002).
C. R. Wheeler, J. A. Salzman, N. M. Elsayed, S. T. Omaye and D.W. Korte, Anal. Biochem., 184, 193 (1990).
W. H. Habig, M. J. Pabst and W. B. Jakoby, J. Biol. Chem., 249, 7130 (1974).
C. M. Wood, Target organ toxicity in marine and freshwater teleosts, vol. I, Taylor & Francis, London (2001).
M. Grosell and C. M. Wood, J. Exp. Biol., 205, 1179 (2002).
D. F. Alderdice, Fish Physiol. Biochem., 11A, 163 (1988).
W. Möller, T. Hofer, A. Ziesenis and E. Karg, J. Heyder. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 182, 197 (2002).
A. L. Lambert, J. B. Mangum, M. P. DELorme and J. I. Everitt, Toxicol. Sci., 72, 339 (2003).
L. C. Renwick, K. Donaldson and A. Clouter, Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 171, 119 (2001).
R. Kohen and A. Nyska, Toxicol. Pathol., 6, 620 (2002).
S. A. Kelly, C. M. Havrilla, T. C. Brady, K. H. Abramo and E. D. Levin, Environ. Health Perspect., 106, 375 (1998).
L. E. Rikans and K. R. Hornbrook, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1362,116 (1997).
T. C. Long, N. Saleh, R. D. Tilton, G. V. Lowry and B. Veronesi, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4346 (2006).
P. C. Maness, S. Smolinski, D. M. Blake, Z. Huang, E. J. Wolfrum and W. A. Jacoby, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 4094 (1999).
T. Ashikaga, M. Wada, H. Kobayashi, M. Mori, Y. Katsumura, H. Fukui, S. Kato, M. Yamaguchi and T. Takamatsu, Mutat. Res-Gen. Tox. Ent., 466, 1 (2000).
T. Xia, M. Kovochich, J. Brant, M. Hotze, J. Sempf, T. Oberley, C. Sioutas, J. I. Yeh, M. R. Wiesner and A. E. Nel, Nano Lett., 6, 1794 (2006).
M. G. Jonz and C. A. Nurse, J. Comp. Neurol., 497, 817 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yeo, MK., Kang, M. Effects of Cu x TiO y nanometer particles on biological toxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 26, 711–718 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-009-0119-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-009-0119-5