Effect of reduction temperature on the preparation of zero-valent iron aerogels for trichloroethylene dechlorination

Abstract

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) aerogels have been synthesized by sol-gel method and supercritical CO₂ drying, followed by H₂ reduction in the temperature range of 350–500 °C. When applied to trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination, the ZVI aerogel reduced at 370 °C showed the highest performance in the conditions employed in this study. Thus, the effect of reduction temperature in preparing ZVI aerogels has been investigated by several characterizations such as BET, XRD, TPR, and TEM analyses. As the reduction temperature decreased from 500 to 350 °C, the BET surface area of the resulting aerogels increased from 6 to 30 m²/g, whereas their Fe⁰ content decreased up to 64%. It was also found that H₂ reduction at low temperatures such as 350 and 370 °C leads to the formation of ZVI aerogel particles consisting of both Fe⁰ and FeO _x in the particle cores with a different amount ratio, where FeO _x is a mixture of maghemite and magnetite. It is, therefore, suggested that reduction at 370 °C for ZVI aerogel preparation yielded particles homogeneously composed of Fe⁰ and FeO _x in the amount ratio of 87/13, resulting in high TCE dechlorination rate. On the other hand, when Pd- and Ni-ZVI aerogels were prepared via cogellation and then applied for TCE dechlorination, we also observed a similar effect of reduction temperature. However, the reduction at 350 or 370 °C produced Pd- or Ni-ZVI aerogel particles in which Fe⁰ and Fe₃O₄ co-exist homogeneously. Since both Fe⁰ and Fe₃O₄ are advantageous in TCE dechlorination, the activities of Pd- and Ni-ZVI aerogels reduced at 350 °C were comparable to those of both aerogels reduced at 370 °C, although the former aerogels have less Fe⁰ content.