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Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Surface Roughness on the Viscous Resistance Components of Surface Ships

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Abstract

Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches have been effectively used by researchers to calculate the resistance characteristics of ships that have rough outer surfaces. These approaches are mainly based on modifying wall functions using experimentally pre-determined roughness functions. Although several recent studies have shown that CFD can be an effective tool to calculate resistance components of ships for different roughness conditions, most of these studies were performed using the same ship geometry (KRISO Container Ship). Thus, the effect of ship geometry on the resistance characteristics of rough hull surfaces is worth investigating. In this study, viscous resistance components of four different ships are calculated for different roughness conditions. First, flat plate simulations are performed using a previous experimental study for comparison purposes. Then, the viscous resistance components of three-dimensional hulls are calculated. All simulations are performed using two different turbulence models to investigate the effect of the turbulence model on the results. An examination of the distributions of the local skin friction coefficients of the DTMB 5415 and Series 60 showed that the plumpness of the bow form has a significant effect on the increase in frictional resistance with increasing roughness. Another significant finding of the study is that viscous pressure resistance is directly affected by the surface roughness. For all geometries, viscous pressure resistances showed a significant increase for highly rough surfaces.

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Abbreviations

\({{\bar u}_i}\) :

Averaged Cartesian velocity components

ρ :

Fluid density

\(\rho \overline {u_i^\prime u_j^\prime } \) :

Reynolds stresses

\({\bar p}\) :

Mean pressure

\({{\bar \tau }_{ij}}\) :

Averaged stress tensor components

μ :

Dynamic viscosity

SST:

Shear stress transport

RSM:

Reynolds stress model

U + :

Normalized mean velocity

κ :

Von Karman constant

y + :

Non-dimensional normal distance from the wall

ΔU + :

Roughness function

B :

Smooth wall log-law intercept

k + :

Roughness Reynolds number

k s :

Characteristic roughness height

u τ :

Friction velocity

v :

Kinematic viscosity

Rt:

Mean height between the highest peak and deepest valley

Ra:

Mean deviation of the surface

Rq:

Root-mean-square deviation of the surface

Sk:

Skewness

Ku:

Kurtosis

Es:

Effective slope

Sd1, Sd2, Sd3 :

Mean spacing between extremes

Sd4 :

Mean spacing between zero crossings

U ∞ :

Free stream velocity

δ :

Boundary layer thickness

C B :

Block coefficient

R T :

Total resistance

R F :

Frictional resistance

C F :

Coefficient of frictional resistance

C VP :

Coefficient of viscous pressure resistance

V :

Ship service speed

L :

Ship length

Re :

Reynolds number

GCI:

Grid convergence index

N :

Number of cells of the meshes

\(e_a^{21}\) :

Approximate relative error of fine mesh with respect to medium mesh

p a :

Apparent order of the magnitude

RD:

Relative difference

c F :

Local skin friction coefficients

τ wall :

Wall sheer stress

c p :

Dynamic pressure coefficient

p — p ∞ :

Dynamic pressure

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Bandirma Onyedi Eylül University, 10200, Balıkesir, Turkey

    Utku Cem Karabulut

  2. Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, 17020, Çanakkale, Turkey

    Yavuz Hakan Özdemir

  3. Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey

    Barış Barlas

Authors
  1. Utku Cem Karabulut
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  2. Yavuz Hakan Özdemir
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  3. Barış Barlas
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Utku Cem Karabulut.

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Article Highlights

• Effect of surface roughness on viscos resistance components of several ships is investigated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

• Surface conditions of ships were successfully represented by modified wall function approach.

• A verification study was carried using previous experimental results.

• Further CFD simulations were performed using different ship models.

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Karabulut, U.C., Özdemir, Y.H. & Barlas, B. Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Surface Roughness on the Viscous Resistance Components of Surface Ships. J. Marine. Sci. Appl. 21, 71–82 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-022-00290-x

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