Abstract
Soda residue (SR) is a type of industrial waste produced in the soda process with the ammonia-soda method. Applying SR to backfilling solves the land occupation and environmental pollution problems in coastal areas and saves material costs for foundation engineering. The strength characteristics of soda residue soil (SRS) under different consolidation conditions are the key points to be solved in the engineering application of SRS. Triaxial compression tests were performed on the undisturbed SRS of Tianjin Port. The shear properties of SRS under different consolidation conditions were then discussed. Meanwhile, a structural strength model (SSM) based on Mohr-Coulomb theory was proposed. SSM reflects the influence of soil structure on undrained strength (Cu) and divides the Cu into the following two parts: friction strength (Cuf) and original structural strength (Cu0). Cuf characterizes the magnitude of friction between soil particles, which is related to the consolidation stress. Meanwhile, Cu0 represents the structural effect on soil strength, which is related to the soil deposition and consolidation processes. SSM was validated by the test data of undisturbed soils. Results reveal that the undisturbed soil generally had a certain Cu0. Therefore, the SRS strength model was established by combining the experimental law of SRS with SSM. Error analysis shows that the SRS strength model can effectively predict the Cu of undisturbed SRS in Tianjin Port under different consolidation conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajmera, B., Tiwari, B., and Al-Behadili, M., 2018. Effect of normalization on developing SHANSEP based undrained shear strengths of fine-grained soils. IFCEE 2018. Orlando, 295: 229–236.
Atkinson, J. H., Richardson, D., and Robinson, P. J., 1987. Compression and extension of K0 normally consolidated kaolin clay. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(12): 1468–1482.
Bai, Y., and Wierzbicki, T., 2010. Application of extended Mohr-Coulomb criterion to ductile fracture. International Journal of Fracture, 161(1): 1–20.
Cai, Y., Hao, B., Gu, C., Wang, J., and Pan, L., 2018. Effect of anisotropic consolidation stress paths on the undrained shear behavior of reconstituted Wenzhou clay. Engineering Geology, 242: 23–33.
Callisto, L., 2002. Simulation of triaxial and true triaxial tests on natural and reconstituted Pisa clay. Geotechnique, 52(9): 649–666.
Carter, J. P., and Liu, M. D., 2005. Review of the structured cam clay model. Geotechnical Special Publication, 128: 99–132.
Dafalias, Y. F., and Manzari, M. T., 2004. Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 130(6): 622–634.
Georgiannou, V. N., and Konstadinou, M., 2014. Torsional shear behavior of anisotropically consolidated sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(2): 4013017.
Hao, C., Meng, W. Q., and Li, H. Y., 2010. Project description of ecological reconstruction of soda residue dump in Tianjin, China. Conference on Environmental Pollution and Public Health. Wuhan, 542–547.
He, J., and Wang, X., 2018. Shear strength of stabilized clay treated with soda residue and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(3): 06018029.
Kavvadas, M., and Amorosi, A., 2000. A constitutive model for structured soils. Geotechnique, 50(3): 263–273.
Ladd, C., and Foott, R., 1974. New design procedure for stability of soft clays. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 100(7): 763–786.
Ladd, C., Foott, R., Ishihara, K., Schlosser, F., and Poulos, H., 1977. Stress-deformation and strength characteristics. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Tokyo, 2: 421–494.
Larsson, R., 1980. Undrained shear strength in stability calculation of embankments and foundations on soft clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 17(4): 591–602.
Li, J., Chen, J., Han, T., and Zhang, X. N., 2015. Study on application of alkaline residue stabilized soil in pavement subbase. 2nd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA). Wuhan, 50–56.
Liu, C., Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., and Zhang, X., 2015. Effects of C-S-H gels on performances of soda residue mixing soils with sodium sulfate. China Civil Engineering Journal, 48(S2): 341–345 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu, M. D., and Carter, J. P., 2002. A structured cam clay model. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(6): 1313–1332.
Ma, J. X., Zhang, P., Bai, X. Y., Zheng, C., Zhang, M. Y., and Yan, N., 2019. Experimental on bearing capacity of alkali slag foundation. Science Technology and Engineering, 19(30): 303–309 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Mayne, P. W., 1980. Cam-clay predictions of undrained strength. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 106: 1219–1242.
Papadimitriou, A. G., Dafalias, Y. F., and Yoshimine, M., 2005. Plasticity modeling of the effect of sample preparation method on sand response. Soils and Foundations, 45(2): 109–123.
Prashant, A., and Penumadu, D., 2005. Effect of overconsolidation and anisotropy of Kaolin clay using true triaxial testing. Soils and Foundations, 3(45): 71–82.
Qian, J., Li, S., Zhang, J., Jiang, J., and Wang, Q., 2019. Effects of OCR on monotonic and cyclic behavior of reconstituted Shanghai silty clay. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 118: 111–119.
Shen, Z., 2000. A masonry model for structured clays. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 21(1): 1–4 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Skempton, A. W., 1948. A study of the geotechnical properties of some post-glacial clays. Geotechnique, 1(1): 1–16.
Stróżyk, J., and Tankiewicz, M., 2014. The undrained shear strength of overconsolidated clays. Procedia Engineering, 91: 317–321.
Tang, X., Wei, L., and Hu, H., 2009. Mechanical properties of soft soil with different consolidation degrees. Railway Investigation and Surveying, 35(4): 16–17, 26 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Toyota, H., Susami, A., and Takada, S., 2013. Anisotropy of undrained shear strength induced by K0 consolidation and swelling in cohesive soils. International Journal of Geomechanics, 14(4): 04014019.
Wang, L., Wu, Y. P., Fan, Q. L., Wang, G. Y., and Yan, Z., 2020. Laboratory experimental study on basic parameters of soda residue soil in Tianjin. Journal of Waterway and Harbor, 41(4): 476–482 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang, S., and Luna, R., 2012. Monotonic behavior of Mississippi River Valley silt in triaxial compression. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(4): 516–525.
Wang, X. W., 2018. Triaxial consolidation and undrained shear test analysis under K0 consolidation of saturated soft soil. West-China Exploration Engineering, 30(11): 11–13 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang, Y., Ma, X., and Ma, N., 2015. Experimental study on variation law of soil indexes of soft clay under load action. Journal of Waterway and Harbor, 36(4): 339–344 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan, C., Song, X., Zhu, P., Sun, H., Li, Y., and Zhang, J., 2007. Experimental study on strength characteristics of soda residue with high water content. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 29(11): 1683–1688 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang, Y., Pu, Y., Yan, W., Guo, W., and Wang, H., 2017. Microstructure and chloride ion dissolution characteristics of soda residue. Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 45(5): 82–89 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Ye, C. L., Zhu, Y. Q., and He, B. G., 2011. Experimental study on the anisotropic properties of undisturbed loess. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 90–93: 605–612.
Yin, L., 2017. Analysis on influence of static load and over-consolidation ratio on bearing capacity of soft foundation. Master thesis. Tianjin University.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51979191), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2016YFC0802204, 2016YFC0802201), the National Natural Science Fund for Innovative Research Groups Science Foundation (No. 51321065), the Construction Science and Technology Project of the Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China (No. 201432 8224040), and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Tianjin Port (No. 2020-165).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gong, X., Wang, Y. & Chen, T. Strength Model of Soda Residue Soil Considering Consolidation Stress and Structural Influence. J. Ocean Univ. China 22, 1216–1226 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-023-5307-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-023-5307-0