Abstract
A WRF-Chem model including a comprehensive gas-phase nitrogen chemistry module was used to simulate a severe dust event appearing in the eastern China on 19–25 March, 2002. The modeling result well reproduced PM10 concentrations in various distances from the dust sources and the transport pathway of the dust strom. The results showed that both the concentrations and the dry deposition fluxes of PM10 increased over the China seas during the dust event following the passage of a cold front system. The maximum fluxes of PM10 in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during the dust event were 5.5 and 8.4 times of those before the event, respectively. However, the temporal variations of the dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen differed over the Yellow Sea from those over the East China Sea. Nitrate and ammonium in the whole northern China rapidly decreased because of the intrusion of dust-loaded air on 19 March. The dust plume arrived in the Yellow Sea on 20 March, decreasing the particulate inorganic nitrogen in mass concentration accordingly. The minimum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium in the Yellow Sea were about 3/5 and 1/6 of those before the dust arrival, respectively. In contrast, when the dust plume crossed over the Yangtze Delta area, it became abundant in nitrate and ammonium and increased the concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen over the East China Sea, where the maximum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium increased approximately by 4.1 and 2.6 times of those prior to the dust arrival.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Duce, R. A., Liss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B. B., Miller, J. M., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., Church, T. M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J. N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T. D., Knap, A. H., Reinhardt, K. H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J. J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., and Zhou, M., 1991. The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 5(3): 193–259.
Ek, M. B., Mitchell, K. E., Lin, Y., Rogers, E., Grunmann, P., Koren, V., Gayno, G., and Tarpley, J. D., 2003. Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the national centers for environmental prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D22), DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003296.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vörösmarty, C. J., 2004. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 70(2): 153–226.
Gao, Y., Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Lee, D. S., and Zhou, M. Y., 1992. Input of atmospheric trace elements and mineral matter to the Yellow Sea during the spring of a Low-Dust Year. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(D4): 3767–3777.
Gao, Y., Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Zhang, X. Y., Zhang, G. Y., An, Z. S., Chen, L. Q., Zhou, M. Y., and Gu, D. Y., 1997. Temporal and spatial distributions of dust and its deposition to the China Sea. Tellus, 49B(2): 172–189.
Grube, N., and Galloway, J. N., 2008. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature, 451: 293–296.
Han, Z., Ueda, H., Matsuda, K., Zhang, R., Arao, K., Kanai, Y., and Hasome, H., 2004. Model study on particle size segregation and deposition during Asian dust events in March 2002. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D19205, DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004920.
Hartmann, J., Kunimatsu, T., and Levy, J. K., 2008. The impact of Eurasian dust storms and anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric nutrient deposition rates in forested Japanese catchments and adjacent regional seas. Global and Planetary Change, 61(3–4): 117–134.
Janjic, Z. I., 2002. Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model. National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Office Note No. 437, 61pp.
Kim, N. K., Park, H. J., and Kim, Y. P., 2009. Chemical composition change in TSP due to dust storm at Gosan, Korea: do the concentrations of anthropogenic species increase due to dust storm? Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 204(1–4): 165–175.
Lin, Y. L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D., 1983. Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 22: 1065–1092.
Mori, I., Nishikawa, M., Tanimura, T., and Quan, H., 2003. Change in size distribution and chemical composition of kosa (Asian dust) aerosol during long-range transport. Atmospheric Environment, 37(30): 4253–4263.
Nakamura, T., Ogawa, H., Maripi, D. K., and Uematsu, M., 2006. Contribution of water soluble organic nitrogen to total nitrogen in marine aerosols over the East China Sea and western North Pacific. Atmospheric Environment, 40(37): 7259–7264.
Nishikawa, M., Kanamori, S., Kanamori, N., and Mizoguchi, T., 1991. Kosa aerosol as eolian carrier of anthropogenic material. The Science of the Total Environment, 107: 13–27.
Olson, J. S., 1992. World ecosystems (WE1.4). Digital raster data on a 10-minute Cartesian orthonormal geodetic 1090 × 2160 grid. In: Global Ecosystems Database, Version 2.0. Boulder, Colorado.
Park, S. U., Choe, A., and Park, M. S., 2010. Estimates of Asian dust deposition over the Asian region by using ADAM2 in 2007. The Science of the Total Environment, 408(11): 2347–2356.
Shaw, W. J., Allwine, K. J., Fritz, B. G., Rutz, F. C., Rishel, J. P., and Chapman E. G., 2008. An evaluation of the wind erosion module in DUSTRAN. Atmospheric Environment, 42(8): 1907–1921.
Shi, J., Gao H., Qi, J., Zhang, J., and Yao, X., 2010. Sources, compositions, and distributions of water-soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols over the China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D17303, DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013238.
Spokes, J. L., Yeatman, S. G., Cornell, S. E., and Jickells, T. D., 2000. Nitrogen deposition to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. The importance of south-easterly flow. Tellus, 52(1): 37–49.
Streets, D. G., Bong, T. C., and Carmichael, G. R., 2003. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emission in Asia in the year 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8809, DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003093.
Uematsu, M., Wang, Z., and Uno, I., 2003. Atmospheric input of mineral dust to the western North Pacific region based on direct measurements and a regional chemical transport model. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(6), 1342, DOI: 10.1029/2002GL 016645.
Uno, I., Uematsu, M., Hara, Y., He, Y. J., Ohara, T., Mori, A., Kamaya, T., Murano, K., Sadanaga, Y., and Bandow, H., 2007. Numerical study of the atmospheric input of anthropogenic total nitrate to the marginal seas in the western North Pacific region. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L17817, DOI: 10.1029/ 2007GL030338.
Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., and Tilman, D. G., 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences. Ecological Applications, 7(3): 737–750.
Wedyan, M. A., and Preston, M. R., 2008. The coupling of surface seawater organic nitrogen and the marine aerosol as inferred from enantiomer-specific amino acid analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 42(37): 8698–8705.
Wesely, M. L., 1989. Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical model. Atmospheric Environment, 23(6): 1293–1304.
Zaveri, R. A., and Peters, L. K., 1999. A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large-scale applications. Journal of Geophysics Research, 104(D23):30 387–30 415, DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900876.
Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D., and Peters, L. K., 2008. Model for simulating aerosol interactions and chemistry (MOSAIC). Journal of Geophysics Research, 113, D13204, DOI: 10. 1029/2007JD008782.
Zhang, G. S., Zhang, J., and Liu, S. M., 2007. Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Journal of Armospheric Chemistry, 57(1): 41–57.
Zhang, J., Liu, S. M., Lü, X., and Huang, W. W., 1993. Characterizing Asian wind-dust transport to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Direct measurements of the dust flux for two years. Tellus, 45B(4): 335–345.
Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L., 2009. Asian emissionsin 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9(14): 5131–5153.
Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., Ma, W., and Chen, L., 2010. Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to the eastern China seas and its implications to marine biogeochemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D00K10, DOI: 10.1029/2009JD-012814, (printed 116 (D7), 2011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yan, H., Gao, H., Yao, X. et al. Simulating dry deposition fluxes of PM10 and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the eastern China seas during a severe Asian dust event using WRF-Chem model. J. Ocean Univ. China 11, 301–314 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-012-1857-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-012-1857-2