Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Simulations of ultra-high sensitivity RI sensor in triple-core fiber with modified Vernier effect: Application in marine RI measurement

  • Published:
Optoelectronics Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We proposed an ultra-high sensitivity triple-core fiber refractive index (RI) sensor with a modified Vernier effect for marine RI measurement and demonstrated it by numerical simulation. This sensor composes a pair of parallelized spatial mode Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), both of which are involved in sensing, but possess different interfering modes. By designing an MZI RI fiber optic sensor based on Vernier effect in air, it is demonstrated that in the low RI such as air environment, only the modes involved in sensing interference are affected by the environment to generate Vernier effect. In the high RI marine environment, both sensing interferometer and reference interferometer need to be affected by the ambient RI to generate Vernier effect. The simulation results indicate that the proposed novel sensing structure can amplify its sensitivity from −15 428 nm/RIU to −24 857 nm/RIU in the marine environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. CHAI F, JOHNSON K S, CLAUSTRE H, et al. Monitoring ocean biogeochemistry with autonomous platforms[J]. Nature reviews earth & environment, 2020, 1(6): 315–326.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. RAHMSTORF S. Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years[J]. Nature, 2002, 419(6903): 207–214.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. HURD C L, LAW C S, BACH L T, et al. Forensic carbon accounting: Assessing the role of seaweeds for carbon sequestration[J]. Journal of phycology, 2022, 58(3): 347–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. BAUER J E, CAI W J, RAYMOND P A, et al. The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean[J]. Nature, 2013, 504(7478): 61–70.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. FRANCIS J A, VAVRUS S J. Evidence for a wavier jet stream in response to rapid Arctic warming[J]. Environmental research letters, 2015, 10(1): 014005.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. MORA C, SPIRANDELLI D, FRANKLIN E C, et al. Broad threat to humanity from cumulative climate hazards intensified by greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Nature climate change, 2018, 8(12): 1062.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. SOLOMON S, PLATTNER G K, KNUTTI R, et al. Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106(6): 1704–1709.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. HOEGH-GULDBERG O, MUMBY P J, HOOTEN A J, et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification[J]. Science, 2007, 318(5857): 1737–1742.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. ORR J C, FABRY V J, AUMONT O, et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms[J]. Nature, 2005, 437(7059): 681–686.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. POERTNER H O, FARRELL A P. Ecology physiology and climate change[J]. Science, 2008, 322(5902): 690–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. WANG C, ZHAO J, XING B. Environmental source, fate, and toxicity of microplastics[J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2021, 407: 124357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. JIN P, ZHANG J, WAN J, et al. The combined effects of ocean acidification and heavy metals on marine organisms: a meta-analysis[J]. Frontiers in marine science, 2021, 8: 801889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. LEE M S, PARK K A, MICHELI F. Derivation of red tide index and density using geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI) data[J]. Remote sensing, 2021, 13(298): 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  14. MIN R, LIU Z, PEREIRA L, et al. Optical fiber sensing for marine environment and marine structural health monitoring: a review[J]. Optics & laser technology, 2021, 140(6903): 107082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. QIAN J K, LV R Q, WANG S N, et al. High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on single-mode fiber for temperature-measurement application in the ocean[J]. Optical engineering, 2018, 57(10): 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. CHEN W H, DILLON W D N, ARMSTRONG E A, et al. Self-referencing optical fiber pH sensor for marine microenvironments[J]. Talanta, 2021, 225: 121969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. LIU Z Y, ZHANG S Q, YANG C K, et al. Submarine optical fiber sensing system for the real-time monitoring of depth, vibration, and temperature[J]. Frontiers in marine science, 2022, 9: 922669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. CHEN Y, ZHAO L, HAO S, et al. Advanced fiber sensors based on the Vernier effect[J]. Sensors (Basel), 2022, 22(7).

  19. GOMES A D, BARTELT H, FRAZÃO O. Optical Vernier effect: recent advances and developments[J]. Laser & photonics reviews, 2021, 15(7).

  20. ZHAO Y, TONG R J, CHEN M Q, et al. Relative humidity sensor based on Vernier effect with GQDs-PVA un-fully filled in hollow core fiber[J]. Sensors and actuators A: physical, 2019, 285: 329–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. LU C, DONG X, LU L, et al. Label free all-fiber static pressure sensor based on Vernier effect with temperature compensation[J]. IEEE sensors journal, 2020, 20(9): 4726–4231.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. HUANG B, SHENG X, TANG Z, et al. High and online tunable sensitivity fiber temperature sensor based on Vernier-effect[J]. Optical fiber technology, 2022, 72.

  23. WANG S, LIU T, WANG X, et al. Hybrid structure Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on silica and fluorinated polyimide microfibers for temperature or salinity sensing in seawater[J]. Measurement, 2019, 135: 527–536.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. HONGKUN Z, YONG Z, QIANG Z, et al. High sensitivity optical fiber pressure sensor based on thin-walled oval cylinder[J]. Sensors and actuators A: physical, 2020, 310: 112042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. QIAN J, LV R, WANG S, et al. High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on single-mode fiber for temperature-measurement application in the ocean[J]. Optical engineering, 2018, 57(10): 107101.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China

    Lingyi Xiong, Shaoxiang Duan, Bo Liu, Wei Lin & Yuan Yao

  2. Marine Protected Area Administration of Sansha City, Sansha, 573100, China

    Yangfei Yu

  3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China

    Shaoxiang Duan, Bo Liu & Yuan Yao

Authors
  1. Lingyi Xiong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yangfei Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shaoxiang Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bo Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wei Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yuan Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yangfei Yu.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11774181, 62231005, 62275131 and 62105164), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Nos.19JCYBJC16700, 20JCQNJC01480, 21JCQNJC00210 and 21JCYBJC00080), the Tianjin Graduate Research Innovation Project (No.2022BKY006), the Tianjin Development Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Nankai University.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xiong, L., Yu, Y., Duan, S. et al. Simulations of ultra-high sensitivity RI sensor in triple-core fiber with modified Vernier effect: Application in marine RI measurement. Optoelectron. Lett. 19, 481–486 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-023-3020-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-023-3020-2

Document code

Search

Navigation