Skip to main content
Log in

The Future of Logic: Foundation-Independence

  • Published:
Logica Universalis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Throughout the twentieth century, the automation of formal logics in computers has created unprecedented potential for practical applications of logic—most prominently the mechanical verification of mathematics and software. But the high cost of these applications makes them infeasible but for a few flagship projects, and even those are negligible compared to the ever-rising needs for verification. One of the biggest challenges in the future of logic will be to enable applications at much larger scales and simultaneously at much lower costs. This will require a far more efficient allocation of resources. Wherever possible, theoretical and practical results must be formulated generically so that they can be instantiated to arbitrary logics; this will allow reusing results in the face of today’s multitude of application-oriented and therefore diverging logical systems. Moreover, the software engineering problems concerning automation support must be decoupled from the theoretical problems of designing logics and calculi; this will allow researchers outside or at the fringe of logic to contribute scalable logic-independent tools. Anticipating these needs, the author has developed the Mmt framework. It offers a modern approach towards defining, analyzing, implementing, and applying logics that focuses on modular design and logic-independent results. This paper summarizes the ideas behind and the results about Mmt. It focuses on showing how Mmt. provides a theoretical and practical framework for the future of logic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anonymous: The QED Manifesto. In: Bundy, A. (ed.) Automated Deduction, pp. 238–251. Springer, New York (1994)

  2. Asperti, A., Sacerdoti Coen, C., Tassi, E., Zacchiroli, S.: Crafting a proof assistant. In: Altenkirch, T., McBride, C. (eds.) Types for Proofs and Programs, pp. 18–32. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2007)

  3. Ausbrooks, R., Buswell, S., Carlisle, D., Dalmas, S., Devitt, S., Diaz, A., Froumentin, M., Hunter, R., Ion, P., Kohlhase, M., Miner, R., Poppelier, N., Smith, B., Soiffer, N., Sutor, R., Watt, S.: Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0 (2nd edition), (2003). See http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2

  4. Boespflug, M., Carbonneaux, Q., Hermant, O.: The \({\lambda\Pi}\)-calculus modulo as a universal proof language. In: Pichardie, D., Weber, T. (eds.) Proceedings of PxTP2012: Proof Exchange for Theorem Proving, pp. 28–43 (2012)

  5. Buswell, S., Caprotti, O., Carlisle, D., Dewar, M., Gaetano, M., Kohlhase, M.: The Open Math Standard, Version 2.0. Technical report, The Open Math Society (2004). See http://www.openmath.org/standard/om20

  6. Church A.: A formulation of the simple theory of types. J. Symbol. L. 5(1), 56–68 (1940)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Codescu, M., Horozal, F., Kohlhase, M., Mossakowski, T., Rabe, F.: Project Abstract: logic atlas and integrator (LATIN). In: Davenport, J., Farmer, W., Urban, J., Rabe, F. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 289–291. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2011)

  8. Constable, R., Allen, S., Bromley, H., Cleaveland, W., Cremer, J., Harper, R., Howe, D., Knoblock, T., Mendler, N., Panangaden, P., Sasaki, J., Smith, S.: Implementing Mathematics with the Nuprl Development System. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River (1986)

  9. Coq Development Team. The Coq Proof Assistant: Reference Manual. Technical report, INRIA (2015)

  10. Cousineau, D., Dowek, G.: Embedding pure type systems in the lambda-pi-calculus modulo. In: Della Rocca, S. R. (ed.) Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications, pp. 102–117. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2007)

  11. Curry, H., Feys, R.: Combinatory Logic. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1958)

  12. Diaconescu R.: Institution-independent Model Theory. Birkhäuser, Geneva (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Emir, B., Odersky, M., Williams, J.: Matching objects with patterns. In: Ernst, E. (ed.) European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, pp. 273–298. Springer, New York (2007)

  14. Goguen J., Burstall R.: Institutions: abstract model theory for specification and programming. J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 39(1), 95–146 (1992)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Gordon, M.: HOL: a proof generating system for higher-order logic. In: Birtwistle, G., Subrahmanyam, P. (eds.) VLSI Specification, Verification and Synthesis, pp. 73–128. Kluwer-Academic Publishers, Berlin (1988)

  16. Hales, T., Adams, M., Bauer, G., Tat Dang, D., Harrison, J., Le Hoang, T., Kaliszyk, C., Magron, V., McLaughlin, S., Tat Nguyen, T., Quang Nguyen, T., Nipkow, T., Obua, S., Pleso, J., Rute, J., Solovyev, A. Thi Ta, A., Nam Tran, T., Thi Trieu, D., Urban, J., Khac Vu, K., Zumkeller, R.: A formal proof of the Kepler conjecture, (2014). arxiv:1501.02155

  17. Harper R., Honsell F., Plotkin G.: A framework for defining logics. J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 40(1), 143–184 (1993)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Harrison, J.: HOL light: a tutorial introduction. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design, pp. 265–269. Springer, New York (1996)

  19. HOL4 Development Team. http://hol.sourceforge.net/

  20. Horozal F., Rabe F.: Representing model theory in a type-theoretical logical framework. Theor. Comput. Sci. 412(37), 4919–4945 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Howard, W.: The formulas-as-types notion of construction. In: To Curry, H.B.(ed.) Essays on Combinatory Logic, Lambda-Calculus and Formalism, pp. 479–490. Academic Press, Waltham (1980)

  22. Iancu, M., Jucovschi, C., Kohlhase, M., Wiesing, T.: System description: MathHub.info. In: Watt, S., Davenport, J., Sexton, A., Sojka, P., Urban, J. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 431–434. Springer, New York (2014)

  23. Iancu M., Kohlhase M., Rabe F., Urban J.: The Mizar mathematical library in OMDoc: translation and applications. J. Auto. Reason. 50(2), 191–202 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Iancu M., Rabe F.: Formalizing foundations of mathematics. Math. Struct. Comput. Sci. 21(4), 883–911 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Iancu, M., Rabe, F.: Management of change in declarative languages. In: Campbell, J., Carette, J., Dos Reis, G., Jeuring, J., Sojka, P., Sorge, V., Wenzel, M. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 325–340. Springer, New York (2012)

  26. Kaliszyk, C., Rabe, F.: Towards knowledge management for HOL light. In: Watt, S., Davenport, J., Sexton, A., Sojka, P., Urban, J. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 357–372. Springer, New York (2014)

  27. Kaufmann M., Manolios P., Moore J.: Computer-Aided Reasoning: An Approach. Academic Publishers, Berlin (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Klein G., Andronick J., Elphinstone K., Heiser G., Cock D., Derrin P., Elkaduwe D., Engelhardt K., Kolanski R., Norrish M., Sewell T., Tuch H., Winwood S.: seL4: formal verification of an operating-system kernel. Commun. ACM 53(6), 107–115 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kohlhase M.: OMDoc: an open markup format for mathematical documents (Version 1.2). Number 4180 in Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer, New York (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kohlhase, M., Şucan, I.: A search engine for mathematical formulae. In: Ida, T., Calmet, J., Wang, D. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence and Symbolic Computation, pp. 241–253. Springer, New York (2006)

  31. Mossakowski, T., Maeder, C., Lüttich, K.: The heterogeneous tool set. In: Grumberg, O., Huth, M. (eds.) Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 4424, pp. 519–522 (2007)

  32. Nipkow T., Paulson L., Wenzel M.: Isabelle/HOL: a proof assistant for higher-order logic, Springer. Springer, New York (2002)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Owre, S., Rushby, J., Shankar, N.: PVS: a prototype verification system. In: Kapur, D. (ed.) 11th International Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE), pp. 748–752. Springer, New York (1992)

  34. Paulson, L.: Isabelle: A Generic Theorem Prover. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Volume 828, Springer, New York (1994)

  35. Pfenning, F.: Logical frameworks. In: Robinson, J., Voronkov, A. (eds.) Handbook of automated reasoning, pp. 1063–1147. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2001)

  36. Pfenning, F., Schürmann, C.: System description: Twelf - a meta-logical framework for deductive systems. In: Ganzinger, H. (ed.) Automated deduction, pp. 202–206 (1999)

  37. Rabe, F.: A query language for formal mathematical libraries. In: Campbell, J., Carette, J., Dos Reis, G., Jeuring, J., Sojka, P., Sorge, V., Wenzel, M. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 142–157. Springer, New York (2012)

  38. Rabe, F.: The MMT API: a generic MKM system. In: Carette, J., Aspinall, D., Lange, C., Sojka, P., Windsteiger, W. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 339–343. Springer, New York (2013)

  39. Rabe, F.: A logic-independent IDE. In: Benzmller, C., Woltzenlogel Paleo, B. (eds.) Workshop on User Interfaces for Theorem Provers, pages 48–60. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014)

  40. Rabe, F.: How to identify, translate, and combine logics? J. Logic Comput. (2014). doi:10.1093/logcom/exu079

  41. Rabe, F.: Generic literals. In: Kerber, M., Carette, J., Kaliszyk, C., Rabe, F., Sorge, V. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 102–117. Springer, New York (2015)

  42. Rabe, F.: Theory Expressions: A Survey (2015). http://kwarc.info/frabe/Research/rabe_theoexp_15.pdf

  43. Rabe F., Kohlhase M.: A scalable module system. Inf. Comput. 230(1), 1–54 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. Trybulec, A., Blair, H.: Computer Assisted Reasoning with MIZAR. In: Joshi, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 26–28. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington (1985)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Florian Rabe.

Additional information

The author was supported by DFG Grant RA-18723-1 OAF.

This paper won the prize of the UNILOG’2015 contest, The Future of Logic: http://www.uni-log.org/future-of-logic.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rabe, F. The Future of Logic: Foundation-Independence. Log. Univers. 10, 1–20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11787-015-0132-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11787-015-0132-x

Mathematics Subject Classification

Keywords

Navigation