Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of source profiles and their application in source apportionment of PM2.5 in Xiamen, China

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected at four sites in Xiamen, including Gulangyu (GLY), Hongwen (HW), Huli (HL) and Jimei (JM) during January, April, July and October 2013. Local source samples were obtained from coal burning power plants, industries, motor vehicles, biomass burning, fugitive dust, and sea salt for the source apportionment studies. The highest value of PM2.5 mass concentration and species related to human activities (SO4 2–, NO3 –, Pb, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were found in the ambient samples from HL, and the highest and lowest loadings of PM2.5 and its components occurred in winter and summer, respectively. The reconstructed mass balance indicated that ambient PM2.5 consisted of 24% OM (organic matter), 23% sulfate, 14% nitrate, 9% ammonium, 9% geological material, 6% sea salt, 5% EC and 10% others. For the source profiles, the dominant components were OC for coal burning, motor vehicle, biomass burning and sea salt; SO4 2– for industry; and crustal elements for fugitive dust. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance (CMB) model based on ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the source profiles. GLY was characterized by high contributions from secondary sulfate and cooking, while HL and JM were most strongly affected by motor vehicle emissions, and biomass burning and fugitive dust, respectively. The CMB results indicated that PM2.5 from Xiamen is composed of 27.4% secondary inorganic components, 20.8% motor vehicle emissions, 11.7% fugitive dust, 9.9% sea salt, 9.3% coal burning, 5.0% biomass burning, 3.1% industry and 6.8% others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cao J J, Wang Q Y, Chow J C, Watson J G, Tie X X, Shen Z X, Wang P, An Z S. Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi’an, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 59: 559–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang Q, Cao J, Tao J, Li N, Su X, Chen L W A, Wang P, Shen Z, Liu S, Dai W. Long-term trends in visibility and at Chengdu, China. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(7): e68894

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dockery D W, Pope C A 3rd, Xu X, Spengler J D, Ware J H, Fay M E, Ferris B G Jr, Speizer F E. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, 329(24): 1753–1759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cao J, Xu H, Xu Q, Chen B, Kan H. Fine particulate matter constituents and cardiopulmonary mortality in a heavily polluted Chinese city. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012, 120(3): 373–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  6. Matson P, Lohse K A, Hall S J. The globalization of nitrogen deposition: consequences for terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio, 2002, 31(2): 113–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cao J J. PM2.5 and the Environment in China. Beijing: Science Press, 2014, 4–5

    Google Scholar 

  8. Canonaco F, Crippa M, Slowik J G, Baltensperger U, Prévôt A S H. SoFi, an IGOR-based interface for the efficient use of the generalized multilinear engine (ME-2) for the source apportionment: ME-2 application to aerosol mass spectrometer data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2013, 6(12): 3649–3661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wen W, Cheng S Y, Liu L, Wang G, Wang X Q. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Tangshan, China—Hybrid approaches for primary and secondary species apportionment. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(5): 6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Guo H, Wang T, Louie P K K. Source apportionment of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Hong Kong: application of a principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model. Environmental Pollution, 2004, 129(3): 489–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Paatero P, Tapper U. Analysis of different modes of factor analysis as least squares fit Problem. Chemo metries and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 1993, 18, 183–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hidy G M, Friedlander S K. The Nature of the Los Angeles Aerosol. In: Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress. New York: Academic Press, 1971, 391–404

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Henry R C. History and fundamentals of multivariate air quality receptor models. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 1997, 37(1): 37–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Banerjee T, Murari V, Kumar M, Raju M P. Source apportionment of airborne particulates through receptor modeling: Indian scenario. Atmospheric Research, 2015, 164–165: 167–187

    Google Scholar 

  15. Samara C, Kouimtzis T, Tsitouridou R, Kanias G, Simeonov V. Chemical mass balance source apportionment of PM10 in an industrialized urban area of Northern Greece. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(1): 41–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yin J X, Harrison R M, Chen Q, Rutter A, Schauer J J. Source apportionment of fine particles at urban background and rural sites in the UK atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(6): 841–851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Zheng M, Zhang Y J, Yan C Q, Fu H Y, Niu H Y, Huang K, Hu M, Zeng L M, Liu Q Z, Pei B, Fu Q Y. Establishing PM2.5 industrial source profiles in Shanghai. China. Environmental Sciences, 2013, 33(8): 1354–1359(in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Li T C, ChenW H, Yuan C S, Wu S P, Wang X H. Physicochemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol particles in Kinmen-Xiamen Airshed. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2013, 13: 308–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang F W, Xu L L, Chen J S, Yu Y K, Niu Z C, Yin L Q. Chemical compositions and extinction coefficients of PM2.5 in peri-urban of Xiamen, China, during June 2009–May 2010. Atmospheric Research, 2012, 106: 150–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhao J P, Zhang F W, Xu Y, Chen J S, Yin L Q, Shang X S, Xu L L. Chemical characteristics of particulate matter during a heavy dust episode in a coastal city, Xiamen. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2011, 11: 299–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang X M. Source apportionment of inhalable particulates in air of Xiamen City. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 30(11): 51–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen Y. Characterization of Cooking Fumes in Hong Kong. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2007, 49–60

    Google Scholar 

  23. Huang R J, Zhang Y, Bozzetti C, Ho K F, Cao J J, Han Y, Daellenbach K R, Slowik J G, Platt S M, Canonaco F, Zotter P, Wolf R, Pieber S M, Bruns E A, Crippa M, Ciarelli G, Piazzalunga A, Schwikowski M, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R, An Z, Szidat S, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I, Prévôt A S H. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature, 2014, 514(7521): 218–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhuang M Z. Research on chemical characteristics of Xiamen fine air particles. Modern Scientific Instruments, 2007, 5: 113–115(in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Xiao Z M, Bi X H, Feng Y C, Wang Y Q, Zhou J, Fu X Q, Weng Y B. Source apportionment of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in urban area of Ningbo City. Recearch of Environmental Science, 2012, 25(5): 549–555(in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chow J C, Watson J G, Kuhns H, Etyemezian V, Lowenthal D H, Crow D, Kohl S D, Engelbrecht J P, Green M C. Source profiles for industrial, mobile, and area sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational study. Chemosphere, 2004, 54 (2): 185–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Watson J G, Chow J C, Houck J E. PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995. Chemsphere, 2001, 43(8): 1141–1151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Yatkin S, Bayram A. Determination of major natural and anthropogenic source profiles for particulate matter and trace elements in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere, 2008, 71(4): 685–696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Watson J G, Chow J C, Lowenthal D H, Pritchett L C, Frazier C A, Neuroth G R, Robbins R. Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel- and gasoline-powered vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 1994 b, 28(15): 2493–2505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Demirbas A. Potential applications of renewable energy sources biomass combustion problem in boiler power systerm and combustion related environmental issues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2005, 31(2): 171–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ni H Y, Han Y M, Cao J J, Chen A C, Tian J, Wang X L, Chow J C, Watson J G, Wang Q Y, Wang P, Li H, Huang R J. Emission characteristics of carbonaceous particles and trace gases from open burning of crop residues in China. Atomospheric Environment, 2015, 123(B): 399–406

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cao J J, Chow J C, Waston J G, Wu F, Han Y M, Jin Z D, Shen Z X, An Z S. Size-differentiated source profiles for fugitive dust in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(10): 2261–2275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ho K F, Lee S C, Chow J C, Waston J G. Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 source profiles for fugitive dust in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(8): 1023–1032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zheng M, Salmon L G, Schauer J J, Zeng L M, Kiang C S, Zhang Y H, Cass G R. Seasonal trends in PM2.5 source contributions in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(22): 3967–3976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yu L D, Wang G F, Zhang R J, Zhang L M, Song Y,Wu B B, Li X F, An K, Chu J H. Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in an urban environment in Beijing. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2013, 13: 574–583

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061, China

    Ningning Zhang, Jie Tian, Pengshan Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Yaqing Zhou, Rujin Huang, Chongshu Zhu & Junji Cao

  2. Xiamen Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Xiamen, 361012, China

    Mazhan Zhuang, Jieru Zhang & Xuemin Zhang

  3. IER Environmental Protection Engineering Technique, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Pengshan Tian

  4. Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland

    Rujin Huang

  5. Centre for Atmospheric and Environmental Studies, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, 361024, China

    Rujin Huang

  6. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China

    Junji Cao

Authors
  1. Ningning Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mazhan Zhuang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jie Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pengshan Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jieru Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Qiyuan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yaqing Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Rujin Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Chongshu Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xuemin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Junji Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ningning Zhang or Mazhan Zhuang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, N., Zhuang, M., Tian, J. et al. Development of source profiles and their application in source apportionment of PM2.5 in Xiamen, China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 10, 17 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0879-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0879-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation