Abstract
To study the additional aerodynamic effect on a bridge girder under the action of wind-driven rain, the rainfall similarity considering raindrop impact and surface water is first given. Then, the dynamic characteristics and the process of vortex and flutter generation of the segment models under different rain intensities and angles of attack are tested by considering several typical main girder sections as examples. The test results indicate that the start and end wind speeds, interval length and number of vortex vibrations remain unchanged when it is raining, rainfall will reduce the wind-induced vortex response. When test rain intensity is large, the decrease of amplitude is obvious. However, after considering the rain intensity similarity in this study, all of actual maximum rain intensities after conversion approach the domestic extreme rain intensity of approximately 709 mm/h. It can be observed that rainfall has a limited influence on the dynamic characteristics of the structure and vortex vibration response. When the test rain intensity is 120 mm/h, the critical wind speed of the model flutter increases by 20%–30%. However, after considering the rain intensity similarity ratio, the influence of rainfall on the wind-induced flutter instability of the bridge girder may be ignored.
摘要
针对风驱雨作用下桥梁主梁的附加气动效应问题,首先,依据风驱雨作用和主梁振动特点,给出了分别考虑雨滴冲击和表面积水后的降雨相似关系。然后,以几类典型主梁截面为例,实现了不同雨强和攻角下的节段模型动力特征与涡振、颤振发生过程测试。试验结果表明:随着雨强的增大,结构振动频率降低,但即使试验雨强达到120 mm/h,改变量也仅在3%左右;阻尼比随雨强增加而增大,但增加量较小;降雨时的起振和结束风速、区间长度和数目不变,有雨时涡振振幅小于无雨时结果,试验雨强较大时减小明显,但考虑本文的雨强相似关系后,其均接近700 mm/h左右的国内短时极值雨强,可知降雨对结构动力特性和涡振响应的影响非常有限。随着雨强的增大,主梁截面的颤振气动导数变化无明显规律,各导数的变化量值相当,随风速增加,降雨引起的导数变化有所加大,但基本没有改变其随风速变化的整体趋势,在试验雨强120 mm/h时,模型颤振临界风速会有20%∼30%的提高,但考虑雨强相似比后可以认为降雨对桥梁主梁的风致颤振失稳特征的影响基本可以忽略。
Similar content being viewed by others
References
RHODE R V. Some effects of rainfall on flight of airplanes and on instrument indication [M]. Washington: Technical Report Archive & Image Library, 1941: 1–15.
BILANIN A J. Scaling laws for testing airfoils under heavy rainfall [J]. Journal of Aircraft, 1987, 24(1): 31–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/3.45407.
CAO Yi-hua, WU Zhen-long, XU Zheng-yu. Effects of rainfall on aircraft aerodynamics [J]. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2014, 71: 85–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2014.07.003.
CHOI E C C. Determination of wind-driven-rain intensity on building faces [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1994, 51(1): 55–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)90077-9.
CHOI E C C. Wind-driven rain and driving rain coefficient during thunderstorms and non-thunderstorms [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89(3–4): 293–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00083-0.
SURRY D, INCULET D R, SKERLJ P F, et al. Wind, rain and the building envelope: A status report of ongoing research at the University of Western Ontario [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1994, 53(1–2): 19–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)90016-7.
BLOCKEN B, CARMELIET J. A review of wind-driven rain research in building science [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2004, 92(13): 1079–1130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.06.003.
BLOCKEN B, DEROME D, CARMELIET J. Rainwater runoff from building facades: A review [J]. Building and Environment, 2013, 60: 339–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.10.008.
HUANG S H, LI Q S. Numerical simulations of wind-driven rain on building envelopes based on Eulerian multiphase model [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2010, 98(12): 843–857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.08.003.
HUANG S H, LI Q S. Large eddy simulations of wind-driven rain on tall building facades [J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2012, 138(8): 967–983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000516.
BAHERU T, GAN CHOWDHURY A, BITSUAMLAK G, et al. Simulation of wind-driven rain associated with tropical storms and hurricanes using the 12-fan Wall of Wind [J]. Building and Environment, 2014, 76: 18–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.002.
TIAN Li, ZENG Yu-jie. State-of-the-art review of structural resistance to wind-rain loads [J]. Structural Engineers, 2016, 32(4): 197–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15935/j.cnki.jggcs.2016.04.029. (in Chinese)
GAO Qian-feng, DONG Hui, DENG Zong-wei, et al. Three-field coupling analysis for large-scale wind turbine with wind-rain-structure [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2016, 47(3): 1011–1016. (in Chinese)
FU Xing, LI Hong-nan. Dynamic analysis of transmission tower-line system subjected to wind and rain loads [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2016, 157: 95–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.08.010.
LIU Man, LI Qiu sheng, HUANG Sheng-hong. Large eddy simulation of wind-driven rain effects on a large span retractable roof stadium [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2019, 195: 104009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104009.
HE Xu-hui, LI Huan. Review of aerodynamics of high-speed train-bridge system in crosswinds [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(4): 1054–1073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-020-4351-9.
HIKAMI Y, SHIRAISHI N. Rain-wind induced vibrations of cables stayed bridges [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1988, 29(1–3): 409–418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(88)90179-1.
MATSUMOTO M, YAGI T, SAKAI S, et al. Steady wind force coefficients of inclined stay cables with water rivulet and their application to aerodynamics [J]. Wind and Structures, 2005, 8(2): 107–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2005.8.2.107.
GU M, DU X Q, LI S Y. Experimental and theoretical simulations on wind-rain-induced vibration of 3-D rigid stay cables [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2009, 320(1–2): 184–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2008.07.009.
NI Y Q, WANG X Y, CHEN Z Q, et al. Field observations of rain-wind-induced cable vibration in cable-stayed Dongting Lake Bridge [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2007, 95(5): 303–328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.07.001.
LIU Qing-kuan. Study on the mechanism of rain-wind induced vibration of cables on cable-stayed bridge using les [J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2007, 24(9): 134–139. (in Chinese)
LI Hui, CHEN Wen-li, XU Feng, et al. A numerical and experimental hybrid approach for the investigation of aerodynamic forces on stay cables suffering from rain-wind induced vibration [J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2010, 26(7–8): 1195–1215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2010.06.006.
CHENG Zheng-qing. The bridge wind engineering [M]. Beijing: China Communication Press, 2005: 1–200. (in Chinese)
GU Ming, XU Shu-zhuang. An experimental study on the flutter derivatives of a thin plate model subjected to wind and rain [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2004, 37(10): 73–77. (in Chinese)
XIN Da-bo, LI Hui, WANG Liang, et al. Experimental study on static characteristics of the bridge deck section under simultaneous actions of wind and rain [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2012, 107–108: 17–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.03.002.
XIN Da-bo, LI Hui, WANG Liang, et al. Experimental study of rain effects on vortex shedding of long span bridge girders [J]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2012, 15(10): 1793–1799. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.10.1793.
XIN Da-bo, WANG Liang, OU Jin-ping, et al. Experimental study on the flutter stability of long-span bridges subjected to wind and rain [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2012, 45(3): 110–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2012.03.007. (in Chinese)
HU Jun. Study on the in-field measured data, wind rain action and wind-induced fatigue of a long-span suspension bridge [D]. Dalian: School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2012, 56–82. (in Chinese)
ZHAO Lin, GE Yao-jun, WU Zhan-ke, et al. Theoretic and testing investigation of wind-rain coupling loads on bridges and structures [J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2014, 27(4): 507–517. DOI:https://doi.org/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2014.04.018.(in Chinese)
HUANG Sheng-hong, LI Qiu-sheng, LIU Man, et al. Numerical simulation of wind-driven rain on a long-span bridge [J]. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 2019, 19(12): 1950149. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419501499.
TANG Shun-yong, LI Hong-nan. Aeroelastic modeling of transmission towers and similarity ratio for wind-rain loads [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2011, 30(8): 199–202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.13465/j.cnki.jvs.2011.08.054.(in Chinese)
MARSHALL J S, PALMER W M K. The distribution of raindrops with size [J]. Journal of Meteorology, 1948, 5(4): 165–166. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:tdorws>2.0.co;2.
GUNN R, KINZER G D. The terminal velocity of fall for water droplets in stagnant air [J]. Journal of Meteorology, 1949, 6(4): 243–248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:ttvoff>2.0.co;2.
JI Tian-jian, HUANG Xiao-ming, LIU Qing-quan, et al. Prediction model of rain water depth on road surface [J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2004, 4(3): 1–3. (in Chinese)
LUO Yan-zhong, CHEN Zheng-qing, HAN Yan. Subsection extended order iterative least square method for aerodynamic derivative identifications of eccentric bridge section models [J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2007, 24(4): 104–112. (in Chinese)
HU Peng, HAN Yan, CAI C S, et al. Wind characteristics and flutter performance of a long-span suspension bridge located in a deep-cutting gorge [J]. Engineering Structures, 2021, 233: 111841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111841.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LEI Xu performed the data analyses and wrote the manuscript. SHEN Lian helped perform the analysis and revised the manuscript. CHEN Zheng-qing helped develop overarching research goals and provided some theoretical analysis ideas. NIU Hua-wei provided some test assistances. WEI Cheng-long and ZHANG Xue-wen replied to part of the reviewers’ comments.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Conflict of interest
LEI Xu, SHEN Lian, CHEN Zheng-qing, NIU Hua-wei, WEI Cheng-long, and ZHANG Xue-wen declare that they have no conflict of interest in above works.
Foundation item: Projects(20B062, 19B054) supported by Excellent Youth Program of Hunan Education Department, China; Project (2019JJ50688) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(kq195004) supported by Changsha Science and Technology Bureau Project, China
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lei, X., Shen, L., Chen, Zq. et al. Experimental analysis of additional aerodynamic effects caused by wind-driven rain on bridge main girder. J. Cent. South Univ. 29, 2743–2756 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-022-5115-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-022-5115-5