Abstract
For Gu-Ag alloy, an important parameter called workability in the forming process of materials can be evaluated by processing maps yielded from the stress-strain data generated by hot compression tests at temperatures of 700–850 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s−1. And at the true strain of 0.15, 0.35 and 0.55, respectively, the responses of strain-rate sensitivity, power dissipation efficiency and instability parameter to temperature and strain rate were studied. Instability maps and power dissipation maps were superimposed to form processing maps, which reveal the determinate regions where individual metallurgical processes occur and the limiting conditions of flow instability regions. Furthermore, the optimal processing parameters for bulk metal working are identified clearly by the processing maps.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
TIAN Y Z, ZHANG Z F. Microstructures and tensile deformation behavior of Cu-16%Ag binary alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2009, 508: 209–213.
FREUDENBERGER J, GRUNBERGER W, BOTCHAROVA E, GAGANOV A, SCHULTZ L. Mechanical properties of Cu-based micro- and macrocomposites [J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2002, 4(9): 677–681.
ZHOU Z M, GAO J, LI F, WANG Y P, KOLBE M. Experimental determination and thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria in the Cu-Cr system [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2011, 46: 7039–7045.
WANG Z Q, ZHONG Y B, CAO G H, WANG C, WANG J, REN W L, LEI Z S, REN Z M. Influence of dc electric current on the hardness of thermally aged Cu-Cr-Zr alloy [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 479(1/2): 303–306.
BADAWY W A, ISMAIL K M, FATHI A M. The influence of the copper/nickel ratio on the electrochemical behavior of Cu-Ni alloys in acidic sulfate solutions [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 484(1/2): 365–370.
LEI R S, WANG M P, LI Z, WEI H G, YANG W C, JIA Y L, GONG S. Structure evolution and solid solubility extension of copper-niobium powders during mechanical alloying [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528: 4475–4481.
BENGHALEM A, MORRIS D G. Microstructure and strength of wire-drawn Cu-Ag filamentary composites [J]. Acta Materialia, 1997, 45: 397–406.
TIAN Y Z, LI J J, ZHANG P, WU S D, ZHANG Z F, KAWASAKI M, LANGDON T G. Microstructures, strengthening mechanisms and fracture behavior of Cu-Ag alloys processed by high-pressure torsion [J]. Acta Materialia, 2012, 60(1): 269–281.
SRINIVASAN N, PRASAD Y V R K, RAMA R P. Hot deformation behaviour of Mg-3Al alloy-A study using processing map [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2008, 476(1/2): 146–156.
PRASAD Y V R K, RAO K P. Processing maps for hot deformation of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy plate: Anisotropy of hot workability [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2008, 487(1): 316–327.
PRASAD Y V R K, RAO K P. Processing maps and rate controlling mechanisms of hot deformation of electrolytic tough pitch copper in the temperature range 300–950 °C [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2005, 391(1): 141–150.
PRASAD Y V R K, GELEL H L, DORAIVELU S M, MALAS J C. Modeling of dynamic material behavior in hot deformation: Forging of Ti-6264 [J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1984, 15(10): 1883–1892.
GANESAN G, RAGHUKANDAN K, KARTHIKEYAN R, PAI B C. Development of processing map for Al/15%SiCp through neural networks [J]. Journal of Material Processing Technology, 2005, 166, 423–429.
CHAKRAVARTTY J K, CHIRADEEP G. Hot working of zirconium alloys: Some recent developments [J]. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2001, 22(1): 197–220.
RAVI R, PRASAD Y V R K., SARMA V V S. Development of expert systems for the design of a hot-forging process based on material workability [J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2003, 12: 638–645.
RAO K P, PRASAD Y V R K. Processing map and hot working mechanisms in a P/M TiAl alloy composite with in situ carbide and silicide dispersions [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527(24/25): 6589–6595.
BAEK Hyun Moo, JIN Young Gwan, HWANG Sun Kwang, IM Yong-Taek, SON I-heon, LEE Duk-lak. Numerical study on the evolution of surface defects in wire drawing [J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2012, 212(4): 776–785.
ZIEGLER H. Some extremum principles in irreversible thermodynamics, with applications to continuum mechanics [J]. Progress in Solid Mechanics, 1963, 4: 91–193.
MIRZADEH H, NAJAFIZADEH A. Prediction of the critical conditions for initiation of dynamic recrystallization [J]. Materials and Design, 2010, 31(3): 1174–1179.
ZENG Z Y, CHEN L Q, ZHU F X, LIU X H. Dynamic recrystallization behavior of a heat-resistant martensitic stainless steel 403Nb during hot deformation [J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2011, 7(10): 913–919.
TAYLOR A S, HODGSON P D. Dynamic behaviour of 304 stainless steel during high Z deformation [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528: 3310–3320.
DALLA TORRE F H, DAVIES C H J, PERELOMA E V. Strain hardening behaviour and deformation kinetics of Cu deformed by equal channel angular extrusion from 1 to 16 passes [J]. Acta Materialia, 2006, 54(4): 1135–1146.
YAO X X, ZAJAC S, HUTCHINSON B. The strain-rate sensitivity of flow stress and work-hardening rate in a hot deformed Al-1.0Mg alloy [J]. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 2000, 19(9): 743–744.
ANBUSELVAN S, RAMANATHAN S. Hot deformation and processing maps of extruded ZE41A magnesium alloy [J]. Materials and Design, 2010, 31: 2319–2323.
GANESAN G, RAGHUKANDAN K, KARTHIKEYAN R, PAI B C. Development of processing maps for 6061 Al/15% SiCp composite material [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2004, 69(3): 230–235.
JAGAN REDDY G, SRINIVASAN N, GOKHALE A A, KASHYAP B P. Characterization of dynamic recovery during hot deformation of spray cast Al-Li alloy UL40 alloy [J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2008, 24(6): 725–733.
RAMANATHAN S, KARTHIKEYAN R, GANASEN G. Development of processing maps for 2124Al/SiCp composites [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2006, 441: 321–332.
MOMENI A, DEHGHANI K. Characterization of hot deformation behavior of 410 martensitic stainless steel using constitutive equations and processing maps [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527: 5467–5473.
PADMAVARDHANI D, PRASAD Y V R K. Characterization of hot deformation behavior of brasses using processing maps: Part I. α brasss [J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1991, 22A(12): 2985–2992.
CHAKRAVARTTY J K, CHIRADEEP G U P T A. Hot working of zirconium alloys: Some recent developments [J]. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2001, 22(1): 197–220.
QUAN G Z, KU T W, SONG W J, KANG B S. The workability evaluation of wrought AZ80 magnesium alloy in hot compression [J]. Mater and Design, 2011, 32(4): 2462–2468.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: Project(CSTC2009BA4065) supported by the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation, China
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Mh., Huang, L., Chen, Ml. et al. Processing map and hot working mechanisms of Cu-Ag alloy in hot compression process. J. Cent. South Univ. 22, 821–828 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2588-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2588-5