Abstract
Village classification is the first step to implementing China’s rural revitalization (RR) strategy, and understanding the geographic differences in the distribution of village types helps to grasp the pathway of their unique development. This study spatialized 9250 villages in Jilin Province (divided into six types) of China, and their distribution characteristics and influencing factors were examined using methods such as kernel density estimation, Ripley’s K function, the co-location quotient, and Geodetector. The results indicate that the spatial distribution balance and density of village types are different. All types of villages show an agglomeration distribution pattern, but the scale and intensity vary. There is a strong spatial association between agglomerative promotion (AP) and stable improvement (SIm) villages, as well as between characteristic protection (CP) and prospering frontier and enriching people (PE) villages. The factors affecting their distribution include terrain undulation, the percentage of arable land, the distance to the county town, road network density, population density, gross domestic product (GDP), and industrial enterprise density. The influencing factors for the distribution of village types are closely related to the function of each village. Based on the differences in the spatial distribution and influencing factors of different village types, policy suggestions are given for classified development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelkader M, Sliuzas R, Boerboom L et al., 2022. The unintended consequences of Egypt’s institutional land regime on unplanned settlement growth in the Nile Valley. Land Use Policy, 113: 105887. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105887
Bai B G, Chen F G, Zhou G, 2021. Functions of village classification based on POI data and social practice in rural revitalization. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(17): 1690. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08001-6
Bański J, Mazur M, 2016. Classification of rural areas in Poland as an instrument of territorial policy. Land Use Policy, 54: 1–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.02.005
Beyazli D, Aydemir S, Öksüz A M et al., 2017. Rural typology with and inductive approach. International Journal of Environmental Research, 11(2): 225–241. doi: 10.1007/s41742-017-0022-6
Chen Y, Tan Y, Gruschke A, 2021. Rural vulnerability, migration, and relocation in mountain areas of western China: an overview of key issues and policy interventions. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 19(1): 110–116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjpre.2021.12.012
Clark P J, Evans F C, 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4): 445–453. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1931034
Cromley R G, Hanink D M, Bentley G C, 2014. Geographically weighted colocation quotients: specification and application. The Professional Geographer, 66(1): 138–148. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2013.768130
Dasgupta S, Badola R, Ali S Z et al., 2022. Adaptive capacity and vulnerability of the socio-ecological system of Indian Himalayan villages under present and predicted future scenarios. Journal of Environmental Management, 302: 113946. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113946
DeRosa M, McElwee G, Smith R, 2019. Farm diversification strategies in response to rural policy: a case from rural Italy. Land Use Policy, 81: 291–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.11.006
Fang Zhongquan, Zhang Ying, Wang Zhangjun et al., 2017. Spatial agglomeration of exhibition enterprises on a regional scale in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 27(3): 497–506. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0879-5
Galeaña-Pizaa J M, Couturier S, Figueroa D et al., 2021. Is rural food security primarily associated with smallholder agriculture or with commercial agriculture? An approach to the case of Mexico using structural equation modeling. Agricultural Systems, 190: 103091. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103091
Guiomar N, Godinho S, Pinto-Correia T et al., 2018. Typology and distribution of small farms in Europe: towards a better picture. Land Use Policy, 75: 784–798. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.012
Hedlund M, 2016. Mapping the socioeconomic landscape of rural Sweden: towards a typology of rural areas. Regional Studies, 50(3): 460–474. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.924618
Hu Q Y, Wang C, 2020. Quality evaluation and division of regional types of rural human settlements in China. Habitat International, 105: 102278. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.0220.102278
Jia K Y, Qiao W F, Chai Y B et al., 2020. Spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements under diversified rural production functions: A case of Taizhou, China. Habitat International, 102: 102201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102201
Jilin Provincial Bureau of Statistics, 2021. Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2021. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
Khalaf C, Michaud G, Jolley G J, 2022. Toward a new rural typology: mapping resources, opportunities, and challenges. Economic Development Quarterly, 36(3): 276–293.
Klufová R, 2016. Current delimitation and typology of the Czech countryside and its importance for rural development. Eastern European Countryside, 22(1): 229–251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0011
Kubeš J, Oufedníček M, 2022. Functional types of suburban settlements around two differently sized Czech cities. Cities, 127: 103742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103742
Lange A, Piorr A, Siebert R et al., 2013. Spatial differentiation of farm diversification: how rural attractiveness and vicinity to cities determine farm households’ response to the CAP. Land Use Policy, 31: 136–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.02.010
Leslie T F, Kronenfeld B J, 2011. The Colocation Quotient: a new measure of spatial association between categorical subsets of points. Geographical Analysis, 43(3): 306–326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2011.00821.x
Li H H, Song W, 2020. Pattern of spatial evolution of rural settlements in the Jizhou District of China during 1962–2030. Applied Geography, 122: 102247. doi: doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102247
Li J, Lo K, Zhang P Y et al., 2021a. Reclaiming small to fill large: a novel approach to rural residential land consolidation in China. Land Use Policy, 109: 105706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land-usepol.2021.105706
Li W, Zhu X C, Yang J W et al., 2021b. Consolidation potential of rural residential areas based on the village classification. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 10(3): 289–304. doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.103018
Li Yurui, Bu Changli, Cao, Zhi et al., 2020. Village classification system for rural vitalization strategy: method and empirical study. Journal of Natural Resources, 35(2): 243–256. (in Chinese). doi: https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20200201
Liu S, Ge J, Bai M et al., 2022. Toward classification-based sustainable revitalization: assessing the vitality of traditional villages. Land Use Policy, 116: 106060. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106060
Liu Tian, Hu Weiyan, Du Xiaohua et al., 2021. Comprehensive land consolidation based on village types. China Land Science, 35(5): 100–108. (in Chinese)
Liu Yansui, 2020. The basic theory and methodology of rural revitalization planning in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 75(6): 1120–1133. (in Chinese)
Liu Y S, Li Y H, 2017. Revitalize the world’s countryside. Nature, 548(7667): 275–277. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/548275a
Liu Y S, Zang Y Z, Yang Y Y, 2020. China’s rural revitalization and development: theory, technology and management. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30(12): 1923–1942. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1819-3
Long H L, Ma L, Zhang Y N et al., 2022. Multifunctional rural development in China: pattern, process and mechanism. Habitat International, 121: 102530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102530
Long H L, Liu Y S, 2016. Rural restructuring in China. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 387–391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.028
Long H L, Tu S S, Ge D Z et al., 2016. The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 392–412. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011
Ma H D, Tong Y Q, 2022. Spatial differentiation of traditional villages using ArcGIS and GeoDa: a case study of Southwest China. Ecological Informatics, 68: 101416. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101416
Ma Xiaodong, Qiu Fangdao, Li Quanlin et al., 2013. Spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 23(4): 482–491. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-013-0615-8
Ma Zhenbang, Chen Xingpeng, Chen Huan, 2018. Multi-scale spatial patterns and influencing factors of rural poverty: a case study in the Liupan Mountain Region, Gansu Province, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 28(2): 296–312. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0943-9
Mantey D, Sudra P, 2019. Types of suburbs in post-socialist Poland and their potential for creating public spaces. Cities, 88: 209–221. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.11.001
Marsden T, 1998. New rural territories: Regulating the differentiated rural spaces. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(1): 107–117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0743-0167(97)00041-7
Miron A C, Bezerra T G, Nascimento R G M et al., 2021. Spatial distribution of six managed tree species is influenced by topography conditions in the Central Amazon. Journal of Environmental Management, 281: 111835. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111835
Molestina R C, Orozco M V, Sili M et al., 2020. A methodology for creating typologies of rural territories in Ecuador. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1): 100032. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100032
Ningrum, A S, Rusgiyono A, Prahutama A, 2020. Village classification index prediction using geographically weighted panel regression. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1524: 012040. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012040
Ploeckl F, 2021. The next town over: On the clustering of towns and settlements before modern economic growth. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 89: 103619. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103619
Psaltopoulos D, Balamou E, Thomson K J, 2006. Rural-urban impacts of CAP measures in Greece: an inter-regional SAM approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57(3): 441–458. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2006.00059.x
Qiao J J, Lee J, Ye X Y, 2016. Spatiotemporal evolution of specialized villages and rural development: a case study of Henan Province, China. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(1): 57–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00045602.2015.1086951
Reisman E, 2022. Protecting provenance, abandoning agriculture? Heritage products, industrial ideals and the uprooting of a Spanish turrón. Journal of Rural Studies, 89(Suppl 2): 45–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.11.003
Renting H, Rossing W A H, Groot J C et al., 2009. Exploring multifunctional agriculture: A review of conceptual approaches and prospects for an integrative transitional framework. Journal of Environmental Management, 90: S112–S123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.014
Saraceno E, 2013. Disparity and diversity: their use in EU Rural Policies. Sociología Ruralis, 53(3): 331–348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12017
Sherry E, Shortall S, 2019. Methodological fallacies and perceptions of rural disparity: how rural proofing addresses real versus abstract needs. Journal of Rural Studies, 68: 336–343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.12.005
Song Wei, Chen Baiming, Zhang Ying, 2014. Land-use change and socio-economic driving forces of rural settlement in China from 1996 to 2005. Chinese Geographical Science, 24(5): 511–524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-013-0633-6
Thissen F, Loopmans M, Strijker D et al., 2021. Guest editorial: changing villages; what about people? Journal of Rural Studies, 87: 423–430. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.001
Tian Y S, Qian J, Wang L, 2021. Village classification in metropolitan suburbs from the perspective of urban-rural integration and improvement strategies: a case study of Wuhan, central China. Land Use Policy, 111: 105748. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105748
Wang J F, Zhang T L, Fu B J, 2016. A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity. Ecological Indicators, 67: 250–256. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.052
Wang Jinfeng, Xu Chengdong, 2017. Geodetector: principle and prospective. Acta Geographica Sinica, 72(1): 116–134. (in Chinese)
Wen Qi, Zheng Dianyuan, 2019. Identification and revitalization of rural poverty-stricken areas in northwest China. Geographical Research, 38(3): 509–521. (in Chinese)
Wilson G A, 2008. From ‘weak’ to ‘strong’ multifunctionality: conceptualising farm-level multifunctional transitional pathways. Journal of Rural Studies, 24(3): 367–383. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.010
Wu C, Chen M M, Zhou L et al., 2020. Identifying the spatiotemporal patterns of traditional villages in China: a multiscale perspective. Land, 9(11): 449. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110449
Xie Hong, Li Yinghao, Wei Youyi, 2018. Influencing factors and spatial distribution of the characteristic towns in Zhejiang Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 38(8): 1283–1291. (in Chinese)
van Eupen M, Metzger M J, Pérez-Soba M et al., 2012. A rural typology for strategic European policies. Land Use Policy, 29(3): 473–482. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.007
Xu D D, Deng X, Huang K et al., 2019. Relationships between labor migration and cropland abandonment in rural China from the perspective of village types. Land Use Policy, 88: 104164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104164
Yang R, Xu Q, Long H L, 2016. Spatial distribution characteristics and optimized reconstruction analysis of China’s rural settlements during the process of rapid urbanization. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 413–424. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.05.013
Yue Qiaobing, He Jianhua, Liu Dianfeng, 2021. Identifying restructuring types of rural settlement using social network analysis: a case study of Ezhou City in Hubei Province of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 31(6): 1011–1028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-021-1236-2
Zhou Yang, Huang Han, Liu, Yansui, 2020. The spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of Chinese villages. Acta Geographica Sinica, 75(10): 2206–2223. (in Chinese)
Zhou Y J, Shen Y., Yang X X et al., 2021. Where to revitalize, and how? A rural typology zoning for China. Land, 10(12): 1336. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121336
Zou C M., Liu J Z, Liu B C et al., 2019. Evaluating poverty alleviation by relocation under the link policy: a case study from Tongyu County, Jilin Province, China. Sustainability, 11(18): 5061. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185061
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YANG Zhipeng: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing-original draft preparation; WANG Shijun: conceptualization, writing-review and editing, funding acquisition, resources, supervision; HAO Feilong: conceptualization, formal analysis and investigation, writing-review and editing, funding acquisition, resources, supervision; MA Li: writing-review and editing; CHANG Xiaodong: methodology; LONG Wang: methodology.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
WANG Shijun is editorial board member of Chinese Geographical Science. He was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.
Additional information
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Foundation of the Education Department of Jilin Province, China (No. JJKH20211290KJ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42171198)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Z., Wang, S., Hao, F. et al. Spatial Distribution of Different Types of Villages for the Rural Revitalization Strategy and Their Influencing Factors: A Case of Jilin Province, China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 33, 880–897 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-023-1359-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-023-1359-8