Abstract
Based on the analysis of the subjectivity of wetland boundary criteria and their causes at present, this paper suggested that, under the condition that the mechanism of wetland formation process has not been understood, “black box” method of System Theory can be used to delineate wetland boundaries scientifically. After analyzing the difference of system construction among aquatic habitats, wetlands and uplands, the lower limit of rooted plants was chosen as the lower boundary criterion of wetlands. Because soil diagnostic horizon is the result of the long-term interaction among all environments, and it is less responsive than vegetation to short-term change, soil diagnostic horizon was chosen as the indicator to delineate wetland upper boundary, which lies at the thinning-out point of soil diagnostic horizon. Case study indicated that it was feasible using the lower limit of rooted plants and the thinning-out point of soil diagnostic horizon as criteria to delineate the lower and upper boundaries of wetland. In the study area, the thinning-out line of albic horizon was coineident with the 55.74m contour line, the maximum horizon error was less than 1m, and the maximum vertical error less than 0.04m. The problem on wetland definition always arises on the boundaries. Having delineated wetland boundaries, wetlands can be defined as follows: wetlands are the transitional zones between uplands and deepwater habitas, they are a kind of azonal complex that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water, with the lower boundary lying at the lower limit of rooted plants, and the upper boundary at the thinning-out line of upland soil diagnostic horizon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
CHANG Hao, 2004. The dynamic property of the system’s boundary [J]. Journal of Systemic Dialectics, 12(2): 19–22. (in Chinese)
COWARDIN Lewis M, VIRGINIA Carter, FRANCIS C Golet et al., 1985. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States [R]. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Interior.
DUGAN P, 1993. Wetlands in Danger [M]. London: Michael Beasley, Reed International Books.
GONG Zi-tong, 1999. Systematic Classification of soil in China: Theory, Method, and Practice [M]. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
HE Jia-mei, 1990. Application of geographic system theory in integrated physico-geographical regionalization [J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 18(4): 58–61. (in Chinese)
LAI Bao-quan, DENG Gui-shi, 2004. An analysis on behaviors of systematic boundary [J]. Systems Engineering, 22(3): 1–6.
LMBHP (Land Management Bureau of Heilongjiang Province), OHSI(Office of Heilongjiang Soil Investigation), 1992. Soil in Heilongjiang [M]. Beijing: Chinese Agriculture Press. (in Chinese)
LI Tian-jie, ZHAO Ye, ZHANG Ke-li et al., 2004. Soil Geography [M]. 3rd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press. (in Chinese)
LIU Ji-ping, YANG Qing, LU Xian-guo, 2005a. Study on spatial distribution of soil nutrient elements of annular wetlands in Sanjiang Plain [J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 19(2): 76–79. (in Chinese)
LIU Ji-ping, YANG Qing, LU Xian-guo, 2005b. Study on the soil temperature gradient in annular wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, China [J]. Wetland Science. 3(1): 42–47. (in Chinese)
LU Jian-jian, 2005. Study on wetland ecosystem management [J]. Scientific Chinese, 4:25–27. (in Chinese)
MITSCH W J, GOSSELINK J G, 1996. Wetlands [M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
NRCS (National Resources Conservation Service), 1994. National Food Security Act Manual[Z]. Pan 519, 180-V-NFSAM. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Resources Conservation Service.
NRC (National Research Council), 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries [M]. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.
PENG Shao-lin, LU Hong-fang, ZHAO Ping et al., 2003. Wetlands in Guangdong province: functions and values, use and mitigation [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 22: 76–85.
RCIONFBC (Ramsar Convention Implementing Office of National Forestry Bureau of China), 2001. Guide on Implementing Ramsar Convention in China [R]. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press.
SKAGGS R W, AMATYA D, 1994. Characterization and evaluation of purposed hydrologic criteria for wetlands [J]. Soil and Water Corns, 49(5): 501–510.
SMITH R L, 1980. Ecology and Field Biology [M]. 3rd ed. New York: Harper and Row.
STEVE Browne, ALBANY Scott Crocoll, LATHAM Diane Goetke et al., 1995. Freshwater wetlands delineation manual of New York State [R/OL]. In: http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/habitat/wdelman.pdf
SUO Qia-wa (Translator: LI Shi-bin), 1991. Introduction of Geographic Systematic Theory [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press. (in Chinese)
TONG Feng-qin, LIU Xing-tu, 1995. Suggestions of ecological system study of wetlands in China [A]. In: CHEN Yi-yu (ed.). Study of Wetlands in China [C]. Changchun: Jilin Science and Technology Press, 10–14. (in Chinese)
USACE (US Army Corps of Engineers), 1987. USACE Wetlands Delineation Manual [Z/OL]. Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Eng. Waterway Exp. Stn. Tech. Rep. Y-87-1. http://www.wetlands.com/regs/tlpge02e.htm
USFWS, USEPA, USDASCS, USACE, 1989. Federal Manual for Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands [Z/OL]. An Interagency Cooperative Publication. http://www.wetlands.com/pdf/89manv3b.pdf
WANG Xian-li, XIAO Du-ning, 1995. The definitions and classifications of wetlands [A]. In: CHEN Yi-yu (ed.). Study of Wetlands in China [C]. Changchun: Jilin Science and Technology Press, 34–41. (in Chinese)
WSDE (Washington State Department of Ecology), 1997. Washington State Wetlands Identification and Delineation Manual [R/OL]. Publication No. 96-94. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/9694.pdf
WEI Hong-sen, ZENG Guo-bing, 1999. System Theory: Philosophy of Systematic Science [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. (in Chinese)
WU Guang-he, CAI Yun-long, 2004. Integrated Physico-geography [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. (in Chinese)
YANG Qing, LIU Ji-ping, LU Xian-guo, 2004. Stucture and function of soil-vegetation-animal system of annular wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 23(4): 72–77. (in Chinese)
YANG Yong-xing, 2002. Main characteristics, progress and prospect of international wetland science research [J]. Progress in Geography, 21(2): 111–120.
YU Guo-ying, 2001. View of some basic problems on wetland re searches [J]. Progress in Geography, 20(2): 177–183.
ZOLTAI S C, VITT D H, 1995. Canada wetlands: environmental gradients and classification [J]. Vegetation, 118: 131–137.
ZUO Da-kang, 1990. Modern Dictionary of Geography [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press. (in Chinese).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX3-SW-NA-01)
Biography: YIN Shu-bai (1967–), male, a native of Jinzhou of Hubei Province, Ph.D. candidate, specialized in wetland variation and its environmental effect. E-mail: yinshubai@163.com
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yin, Sb., Lu, Xg. Theory and method for wetland boundary delineation. Chin. Geograph.Sc. 16, 56–62 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-006-0023-4
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-006-0023-4
Key Words
- wetland boundary
- “black box” method
- soil diagnostic horizon
- thinning-out point (line)
- wetland definition