Abstract
Urban green spaces have been arisen growing concern responded to the social and environmental costs of urban sprawl. A wide range of planning and policies has been and/or will be designed to protect urban green spaces and optimize their spatial pattern. A better design or planning of urban green space can make a major contribution to quality of environment and urban life, and furthermore can decide whether we can have a sustainable development in the urban area. Information about the status quo of urban green spaces can help planners design more effectively. However, how to quantify and capture such information will be the essential question we face. In this paper, to quantify the urban green space, a new method comprising gradient analysis, landscape metrics and GIS was developed through a case of Jinan City. The results demonstrate; 1) the gradient analysis is a valid and reliable instrument to quantify the urban green space spatial pattern precisely; 2) using moving window, explicit landscape metrics were spatially realized. Compared with quantifying metrics in the entire landscape, it would be better to link pattern with process and establish an important basis for analyzing the ecological and socioeconomic functions of green spaces.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Forests, 2003. News from American Forests[OL]. http://www.americanforests.org/news/display.php?id=111.
ANDERSON L M, CORDELL H K, 1988. Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (USA): a survey based on actual sales prices [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 15: 153–164.
ATTWELL K, 2000. Urban land resource and urban planting—case studies from Denmark [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 52: 145–163.
BEATLEY T, 2000. Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities [M]. Washington, DC: Island Press.
BINFORD M W, BUCHENAU M J, 1993. Riparian greenways and water resources. [A]. In: SMITH D S, HELLMUND P C (eds.). Ecology of Greenways [C]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 69–104.
BREUSTE J H, 2004. Decision making, planning and design for the conservation of indigenous vegetation within urban development[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68:439–452.
DWYER J F, MCPHERSON E G, SCHROEDER H W et al., 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest [J]. J. Arboricult., 18: 227–234.
GEOGHEGAN J, 2002. The value of open spaces in residential land use [J]. Land Use Policy, 19: 91–98.
GEOGHEGAN J, WAINGER L A, BOCHSTAEL N E, 1997. Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GIS [J]. Ecological Economics, 23(3): 251–264.
GORDON D, 1990. Green Cites: Ecologically Sound Approaches to Urban Space [M]. New York: New York Black Rose Books Press.
GROOT R S D, 1994. Environmental functions and the economic value of natural ecosystems [A]. In: JANSSON A M, M HAMMER, C FOLKE et al. (eds.). Intesting in Natural Capital—The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability [C]. Washington DC: Island Press.
HEROLD M, GOLDSTEIN N C, CLARKE K C, 2002. The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling [J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86: 286–302.
HUNSAKER C T, O’NEILL R V, JACKSON B L et al., 1994. Sampling to characterize landscape pattern [J]. Landsc. Ecol., 9: 207–226.
JELINSKI D E, Wu J, 1996. The modifiable areal unit problem and implications for landscape ecology [J]. Landsc. Ecol., 11: 129–140.
JIANG L G, ZHANG Z L, 2003. Analysis on the ring structure of urban land use in Jinan City [J]. Areal Res. and Devel., 22 (4): 73–76. (in Chinese)
JIM C Y, CHEN S S, 2003. Comprehensive green space planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing City, China [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65: 95–116.
Jinan Landscape Bureau, 2001. Planning of landscape and green space System in Jinan City [Z]. Jinan: Local Record Press. (in Chinese)
Jinan Planning Bureau, 2003. Great changes of Jinan in five years [Z]. Jinan: Jinan Press. (in Chinese)
Jinan Statistics Bureau, 2003. Jinan Statistical Yearbook 2003 [R]. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
KAPLAN R, KAPLAN S, 1989. The Experience of Nature [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 340.
KONG F H, NAKAGOSHI N, 2005. Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, P. R. China [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. (in Chinese)
KOWARIK I, 1990. Some responses of flora and vegetation to urbanization in central Europe [A]. In: SUKOPP H, HEJNY S, KOWARIK I (eds.). Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in Urban Environments [C]. Hague: SPB Academic Publishing BV, 45–74.
LUCK M, WU J, 2002. A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region of USA [J]. Landsc. Ecol., 17: 327–339.
MCGARIGAL K, CUSHMAN S A, NEEL M et al., 2002. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps [OL]. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html.
MCGARIGAL K, CUSHMAN S A, 2002. The Gradient Concept of Landscape Structure: Or, Why are there so many patches [OL]. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/pubs/pubs.html.
MILLER R W, 1997. Urban Forestry: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces (2nd Edition) [M]. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ministry of Construction, P.R. China, 2002. Standard for Classification of Urban Green Space. CJJ/T 85-2002, J 185-2002 [S]. Beijing: Ministry of Construction Press (in Chinese).
MORANCHO A B, 2003. A hedonic valuation of urban green areas [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 66: 35–41.
POUYAT R V, MCDONNELL M J, 1991. Heavy metal accumulations in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in southeastern New York, USA [J]. Water, Soil, Air Pollut., 57–58, 797–807.
POUYAT R V, MCDONNELL M J, PICKETT S T A, 1995. Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban—rural land-use gradient [J]. J. Environ. Quality, 24: 516–526.
RIDDER D K, ADAMECB V, BANUELOSC A et al., 2004. An integrated methodology to assess the benefits of urban green space [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 334–335, 489–497.
SCHELL L M, ULIJASZEK S J, 1997. Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialized Gountries [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SHIVANAND B, SUZANA D, 2005. Attitudes toward urban green spaces: integrating questionnaire survey and collaborative GIS technique to improve attitude measurements [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 71: 147–162.
STANNERS D, BOURDEAU P, 1995. Europe’s environment—The dobris assessment [Z]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
SUKOPP H, 1998. Urban ecology—scientific and practical aspects [A]. In: BREUSTE J, FELDMANN H, UHLMANN O (eds.). Urban Ecology [C]. Berlin: Springer, 3–16.
TURNER M G, O’NEILL R V, GARDNER R H et al., 1989. Effects of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern [J]. Landsc. Ecol., 3: 153–162.
WHITTAKER R H, 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation [J]. Biological Review, 42: 207–264.
WHITTAKER R H, 1975. Communities and Ecosystems [M]. New York: MacMillan.
WU J, JELINSKI D E, LUCK M et al., 2000. Multiscale analysis of landscape heterogeneity: scale, variance and pattern metrics [J]. Geog. Info. Sci., 6: 6–19.
ZHANG L Q, WU J P, ZHEN Y et al., 2004. A GIS-based gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern of Shanghai metropolitan area, China [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69: 1–16.
ZHU W, CARREIRO M M, 1999. Chemoautotrophic nitrification in acidic forest soils along an urban-to-rural transect [J]. Soil Biol. Biochem., 1091–1100.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the The 21st Century Center of Excellence program of Hiroshima University
Biography: KONG Fan-hua (1975-), female, a native of Rizhao of Shandong Province, Ph.D., specialized in landscape ecology, urban green space planning and management. E-mail: fanhuakong@163.com
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kong, Fh., Nobukazu, N., Yin, Hw. et al. Spatial gradient analysis of urban green spaces combined with landscape metrics in Jinan City of China. Chin. Geograph.Sc. 15, 254–261 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-005-0038-2
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-005-0038-2