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Beitrag der Neurowissenschaften zur forensischen Psychiatrie

Contribution of neurosciences to forensic psychiatry

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Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die forensische Psychiatrie widmet sich als Subspezialität der Schnittstelle von Psychiatrie und Recht. Sie wendet zu Diagnostik, Beurteilung, Therapie und Forschung Paradigmata und Erkenntnisse aus der allgemeinen Psychiatrie unter Beachtung der speziellen Erfordernisse rechtlicher Fragestellungen und Rahmenbedingungen an und ist daher in ihrer wissenschaftlichen Fortentwicklung wesentlich auf den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisfortschritt in der Psychiatrie und damit heute auch der Neurowissenschaft angewiesen. Neurobiologische Hypothesen zu neuronalen Grundlagen psychiatrischer Erkrankungen wurden beispielsweise mit der Dopaminhypothese für Schizophrenie in einer Weise etabliert, die zu eminenten therapeutischen Fortschritten der Behandlung und der langfristigen Lebensqualität Betroffener geführt hat. Analoge Fortschritte dürfen den durch ihre Erkrankung und einer hiermit verbundenen Einschränkung ihrer Freiheitsrechte doppelt betroffenen forensisch-psychiatrischen Patienten nicht vorenthalten werden, weshalb Forschung in diesem Bereich vorangetrieben werden muss. Deutliche Fortschritte der Erkenntnisse über neurobiologische Grundlagen forensisch-psychiatrischer Erkrankungen haben beispielsweise bereits im Feld der Pädophilie und der Psychopathy stattgefunden. Derartige auf Studien von Untersuchungspopulationen basierende neurowissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über neurobiologische Grundlagen von forensisch-psychiatrischen Erkrankungen bedürfen jedoch der sorgfältig abgewogenen Kommunikation sowohl im Hinblick auf mediale Verbreitung als auch auf die Interpretation einzelner Fälle, beispielsweise vor Gericht. Dies ist von großer Wichtigkeit, um vereinfachenden Missverständnissen vorzugreifen und einen konsekutiven Vertrauensverlust in den wissenschaftlichen Prozess zu vermeiden. Daher ist die Ausbildung forensisch-psychiatrischen Nachwuchses im Verständnis und in der Kommunikation der wissenschaftlichen Methodik moderner forensisch-psychiatrischer Neurowissenschaft von großer Bedeutung für die gesellschaftliche Bedeutung und Fortentwicklung des Faches.

Abstract

Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty dedicated to the interface between psychiatry and law. It uses paradigms and knowledge from general psychiatry for diagnostics, assessment, therapy and research under consideration of the special requirements of legal aspects and framework conditions; therefore, scientific development in forensic psychiatry is substantially dependent on scientific progress in psychiatry and thus nowadays also in neurosciences. Neurobiological hypotheses on the neuronal foundations of psychiatric diseases have been established, for example the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia, in a manner that led to important therapeutic advances in the treatment and long-term quality of life for affected persons. Analogous advances should not be withheld from forensic psychiatric patients, who are doubly affected by the disease and the accompanying limitations in their rights to freedom, which is why research in this field must be driven forwards. Clear advances in knowledge of the neurobiological foundations of forensic psychiatric illnesses have, for example, already been made in the field of pedophilia and psychopathy. Based on studies of investigation populations, such neuroscientific knowledge on the neurobiological principles of forensic psychiatric diseases, however, requires a carefully concerted communication with respect to dissemination in the media as well as in the interpretation of individual cases, for example in court. This is of great importance in order to prevent simplifying misconceptions and to avoid a subsequent loss of trust in the scientific process. Therefore, training of the new generation of forensic psychiatrists in the understanding and communication of scientific methods of modern forensic psychiatric neuroscience is of great importance for the societal impact and further advancement of the discipline.

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Schiltz, K., Schöne, M. & Bogerts, B. Beitrag der Neurowissenschaften zur forensischen Psychiatrie. Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol 10, 274–283 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-016-0388-x

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