Abstract
Species adjust their behavior and life-history to adapt to local environmental conditions. Species with a broad ecological niche often show signatures of local adaptations to different environment, particularly in extreme ones. Here, we investigate local adaptation in different populations of the North African Sahara frog (Pelophylax saharicus) living in various environmental conditions that vary mostly in temperature, precipitation, and elevation by mean of common garden experiment aiming to estimate the growth rate under two predation treatments (absence or presence of non-lethal cues of dragonfly larvae). First, we found an elevational cline in the reproductive phenology where, from low to high elevation, the reproductive season shifts to later dates, whereas that in arid environment was later than all other populations. We suggest that geographic differences in temperature and rainfall (in arid areas) explain this phenological pattern. Second, hatching success was overall high but showed a slight decline across elevation. Third, growth rate was generally faster in low and intermediate elevation populations, but slower in high elevation and arid environment populations. Populations in low and intermediate elevation responded to predation by reducing growth rate and the size at metamorphosis, but no predatory responses were recorded in high elevation and arid environment populations. Our study shows some life history signatures of local adaptation of P. saharicus in Northeast Algeria, which does not go in line with recent genetic analysis showing low population differentiation in the region.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. We are indebted to the lab technician Leila and all students who helped in the experiment. This study is supported by the Algerian ministry of high education and scientific research.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Zinette Bensakhri, Soufyane Bensouilah, Abdeldjalil Youcefi, Hichem Amari, Abdelheq Zouaimia and Amel Lazli. Data analysis was performed by Rabah Zebsa and Rassim Khelifa. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zinette Bensakhri, Soufyane Bensouilah and Moussa Houhamdi, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Bensakhri, Z., Bensouilah, S., Zebsa, R. et al. Trends to adaptation of the Sahara frog (Pelophylax saharicus) larvae across an environmental gradient. Biologia 77, 2857–2866 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01151-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01151-2