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Redescription of Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963 (Rhabditida, Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, including the first SEM study of the species

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Abstract

During a survey on the biodiversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in the south of Iran, Hoplolaimus indicus from the grass was recovered. Hoplolaimus are ectoparasites or semiendoparasites of various crops. Hoplolaimus indicus was studied using morphological and molecular techniques. Hoplolaimus indicus is identified based on the lip region with three annuli, five clear and one obscure pharyngeal nucleus, excretory pore at the isthmus level, and spicules with 42–46 µm long. The scan electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed basal annuli of the lip region divided into six blocks, and one incisure along the body starts from 7–8 annuli posterior to the lip region ended at the tail tip. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the present H. indicus and the population of the same species from Iran stand very close to each other. Besides, H. indicus and H. columbus stand separately. Nblast for the 28S rDNA revealed 100% identity of the tested species and other H. indicus from Iran (MF421900) and Myanmar (MN462843). In contrast, the COI of mtDNA showed 97% similarity with several sequences of the American populations of H. columbus (e.g., KP864621). However, the phylogenetic analysis using the mentioned above markers placed H. indicus very close to H. columbus, H. indicus, and H. seinhorsti, particularly using 28S rDNA. Measurements, light microscopy (LM), SEM, and phylogenetic analysis for H. indicus are given. The COI of mtDNA sequence and SEM observation for H. indicus are reported for the first time. In conclusion, the result indicated that 28S rDNA is not a good marker to distinguish H. indicus from the close species, including H. seinhorsti and H. columbus.

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Data availability

This material is the authors’ own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere and has no conflict of interest. Two slides of Hoplolaimus indicus were deposited in the Nematology laboratory collection of the University of Limpopo, South Africa. One slide was deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology, and Ecology of the University of Jaén (Spain).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the research support plans "PAIUJA 2019/2020: EI_RNM02_2019" and "PAIUJA 2021/2022: EI_RNM02_2021" of the University of Jaén, Spain. The SEM pictures were obtained with the assistance of technical staff (Amparo Martínez-Morales) and equipment of “Centro de Instrumentación Científico-Técnica (CICT)” from the University of Jaén. The authors also acknowledge Mr. Hadi Panahi for providing the samples to the Iranian population.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the University of Jaén (Spain) for the SEM photographs. The rest of the project was supported by ES.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa

    Ebrahim Shokoohi

  2. Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus “Las Lagunillas” s/n., 23071, Jaén, Spain

    Joaquín Abolafia

  3. Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa

    Phatu William Mashela

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  1. Ebrahim Shokoohi
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  2. Joaquín Abolafia
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  3. Phatu William Mashela
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Contributions

ES conducted the study, identified the species and analysed the data, wrote and revised the manuscript. PWM revised the manuscript. JA revised the manuscript, analyzed the data, taken LM and SEM of the species. ES and JA contributed to the final draft of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ebrahim Shokoohi.

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Shokoohi, E., Abolafia, J. & Mashela, P.W. Redescription of Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963 (Rhabditida, Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, including the first SEM study of the species. Biologia 77, 2161–2172 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01104-9

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