References
Beck AH. The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education. JAMA 2004; 291: 2139–40.
Flexner A. Medical Education in the United States and Canada. New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1910.
King LS. Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes. XX. The Flexner report of 1910. JAMA 1984; 251: 1079–86.
Bonner TN. Searching for Abraham Flexner. Acad Med 1998; 73: 160–6.
Ludmerer KM. Learning to Heal. New York: Basic Books, 1985
Verrier ED. Who moved my heart? Adaptive responses to disruptive challenges. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 127: 1235–44.
Salazar JD, Lee R, Wheatley GH 3rd, Doty JR. Are there enough jobs in cardiothoracic surgery? The thoracic surgery residents association job placement survey for finishing residents. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78: 1523–7.
Seth G, Oprian C, Miller DC, Khuri S, Cantor A, Henderson WG, et al. Operative mortality in patients undergoing single valve replacement in teaching institutions—early mortality as a function of resident versus staff surgeons. Surgery 1988; 104: 301–10.
Stames VA, Barr ML, Webster JA. Building a clinical cardiothoracic surgical program: A multi-institutional model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121 (4 Suppl): S8–11.
Mechanic R, Coleman K, Dobson A. Teaching hospital costs: Implications for academic missions competitive market. JAMA 1998; 280: 1015–9.
Kuttner R. Managed care and medical education. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1092–6.
Hotez PJ. Loss of laboratory instruction in American medical schools: Erosion of Flexner’s view of “scientific medical education”. Am J Med Sci 2003; 325: 10–4.
Starnes VA. Presidential address: An evolving discipline. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129: 483–7.
DaRosa DA, Fullerton DA, Kron IL, Orringer MB. Content of thoracic residency training and its relevance to the practice of medicine. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 1321–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Read at the Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery, Special Program, Sapporo, October 20–22, 2004.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Geha, A.S. Medical education and the training of cardiothoracic surgeons in the United States of America. Jpn J Thorac Caridovasc Surg 53, 320–323 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-005-0137-0
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-005-0137-0