Skip to main content
Log in

Assessment of Trans Fatty Acid Level in French Fries from Various Fast Food Outlets in Karachi, Pakistan

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the trans fat level in French fries sold in different fast food outlets in Karachi. In the present study, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the quantification of trans fatty acid (TFA). A number of studies have been reported on trans fat in different regions of the world, but no categorical study has yet discussed the trans fat in fast food products in Karachi. Amongst the samples examined, the total trans fatty acid content was in the range of 0.11 ± 0.01–24.00 ± 0.25 %. Most of the samples contain a high percentage of TFA. There is an urgent need to monitor and regulate the level of trans fat in order to reduce the health risk to the consumers of fast food items in Karachi, Pakistan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fillion L, Henry CJ (1998) Nutrient losses and gains during frying: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 49:157–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Guallar-Castillon P, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E, Leon-Munoz LM, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Buckland G, Chirlaque MD, Dorronsoro M, Huerta JM, Larranaga N, Marin P, Martinez C, Molina E, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Rodriguez L, Sanchez MJ, Gonzalez CA, Moreno-Iribas C (2012) Consumption of fried foods and risk of coronary heart disease: Spanish cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. BMJ 23:344–363

    Google Scholar 

  3. van de Vijver LP, Kardinaal AF, Couet C, Aro A, Kafatos A, Steingrimsdottir L, Amorim Cruz JA, Moreiras O, Becker W, van Amelsvoort JM, Vidal-Jessel S, Salminen I, Moschandreas J, Sigfusson N, Martins I, Carbajal A, Ytterfors A, Poppel G (2000) Association between trans fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk factors in Europe: the TRANSFAIR study. Eur J Clin Nutr 54:126–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Adhikari P, Yu F, Lee JH, Park HK, Kim JW, Lee EJ, Lee KT (2010) Comparative study of trans fatty acid content in 2005 and 2008 processed foods from Korean market. Food Sci Biotechnol 19:335–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kohlmeier L, Simonsen N, Veer PV, Strain JJ, Martin-Moreno JM, Margolin B, Huttunen JK, Navajas JFC, Martin BC, Thamm M, Kardinaal AFM, Kok FJ (1997) Adipose tissue trans fatty acids and breast cancer in the European community multicenter study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction, and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 6:705–710

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu X, Schumacher FR, Plummer SJ, Jorgenson E, Casey G, Witte JS (2007) Trans-fatty acid intake and increased risk of advanced prostate cancer: modification by RNASEL R462Q variant. Carcinogenesis 28:1232–1236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Innis SM (2006) Trans fatty intakes during pregnancy, infancy and early childhood. Atheroscler Suppl 7:17–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fu H, Yang L, Yuan H, Rao P, Lo YM (2008) Assessment of trans fatty acids content in popular Western-style products in China. J Food Sci 73:383–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Priego-Capote F, Ruiz-Jimenez J, Luque de Castro MD (2007) Identification and quantification of trans fatty acids in bakery products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after focused microwave Soxhlet extraction. Food Chem 100:859–867

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Albuquerque TG, Costa HS, Castilho MC, Sanches-Silva A (2011) Trends in the analytical methods for the determination of trans fatty acids content in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2011.03.009

    Google Scholar 

  11. AOAC Official Method 996.06 (2001) Fat (total, saturated and unsaturated) in foods

  12. KimY Himmelsbach SD, Kays SE (2007) ATR-Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy for determination of trans fatty acids in ground cereal products without oil extraction. J Agric Food Chem 55:4327–4333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cho IK, Kim S, Khurana HK, Li QX, Jun S (2011) Quantification of trans fatty acid content in French fries of local food service retailers using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Food Chem 125:1121–1125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Milosevic V, Milosevic M, Azizian H (2007) Interference of saturated fats in the determination of low levels of trans fats (below 0.5 %) by Infrared Spectroscopy. JAOCS 84:339–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tyburczy C, Mossoba MM, Fardin-Kia AR, Rader JI (2012) Evaluation of low trans fat edible oils by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography: a comparison of analytical approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:809–819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Adam M, Mossoba MM, Lee T (2000) Rapid determination of total trans fat content by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy: an international collaborative study. JAOCS 77:457–462

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Milosevic M, Milosevic V, Kramer JKG, Azizian H, Mossoba MM (2004) Determining low levels of trans fatty acids in foods by an improved ATR-FTIR procedure. Lipid Technol 16:252–255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sedman J, van de Voort FR, Ismail AA, Maes P (1998) Industrial validation of Fourier transform infrared trans and iodine value analyses of fats and oils. JAOCS 75:33–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Flores-Alvarez MC, Molina-Hernandez EF, Hernandez-Raya JC, Sosa-Morales ME (2012) The effect of food type (fish nuggets or French fries) on oil blend degradation during repeated frying. J Food Sci 77:1136–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Katan MB (2006) Regulation of trans fats: the gap, the Polder, and McDonald’s French fries. Atheroscler Suppl 7:63–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Allison DB, Egan SK, Barraj LM, Caughman C, Infante M, Heimbach JT (1999) Estimated intakes of trans fatty and other fatty acids in the US population. J Am Diet Assoc 99:166–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Roe M, Pinchen H, Church S, Elahi S, Walker M, Farron-Wilson M, Buttriss J, Finglas P (2012) Trans fatty acids in a range of UK processed foods. Food Chem 140:427–431

  23. Kuhnt K, Baehr M, Rohrer C, Jahreis G (2011) Trans fatty acid isomers and the trans-9/trans-11 index in fat containing foods. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113:1281–1292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB (2010) Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans—a quantitative review. PLoS ONE 5:e9434. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009434

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The Dean Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, is gratefully acknowledged for providing research funding for this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zahida Karim.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karim, Z., Khan, K.M., Ahmed, S. et al. Assessment of Trans Fatty Acid Level in French Fries from Various Fast Food Outlets in Karachi, Pakistan. J Am Oil Chem Soc 91, 1831–1836 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2530-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2530-2

Keywords

Navigation