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Experiments, Modeling and Control of a Dryer–Cooler of Expanded Raw Soybean Flakes in a Hexane Extraction Plant

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

Drying and cooling are preparatory operations typically applied in the soybean processing industry to reduce the moisture content and temperature of the flakes fed to the extractor. Although these parameters are important for a safe and optimal process of extraction, limited or even inexistent schemes for their control are available. To deal with this problem, the current investigation suggests the use of a PID controller to manipulate the speed of the conveyor belt in order to keep the temperature of the flakes in the discharge of the dryer–cooler close to 61 °C without exceeding the acceptable outlet moisture content range from 9.9 to 12.3 % dry basis (d.b.). Closed-loop responses for the controlled variables when considering simultaneous arbitrary disturbances on operating conditions confirmed the reliability of the current control strategy. A dynamic model represented by a system of two partial differential equations obtained by energy and mass balances for the solute in the bed was used as a virtual conveyor-belt dryer-cooler. Its consistency was checked by a comparison between experimental and calculated results for moisture content and temperature at the exit of a size-scale dryer–cooler of soybean flakes at typical industrial operating conditions. The ISE technique and the simplex method of optimization were used to tune the set of PID parameters in which process control was stable.

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Abbreviations

Cp l :

Specific heat of liquid water, J kg−1 °C−1

Cp s :

Specific heat of dry flaked soybean, J kg−1 °C−1

Cp v :

Specific heat of vapor water, J kg−1 °C−1

H :

Absolute air humidity, kg kg−1

h m :

Heat transfer coefficient, J s−1 °C−1 kg−1

K D :

Derivative time, s

K I :

Integral time, s

k m :

Effective mass transfer coefficient, s−1

K P :

Proportional gain, m s−1 °C−1

L :

Length of the conveyor belt, m

M :

Moisture content of expanded soybean flakes on a dry basis, kg kg−1

M e :

Equilibrium moisture content of expanded soybean flakes on a dry basis, kg kg−1

M i :

Inlet moisture content of expanded soybean flakes on a dry basis, kg kg−1

M o :

Outlet moisture content of expanded soybean flakes on a dry basis, kg kg−1

R h :

Relative air humidity, decimal

T g :

Air temperature, °C

T si :

Inlet temperature of expanded soybean flakes, °C

T so :

Outlet temperature of expanded soybean flakes, °C

T s :

Temperature of expanded soybean flakes, °C

t :

Time, s

T s_sp :

Set-point of temperature, °C

τ :

Residence time in the conveyor belt dryer–cooler

u c :

Speed of the conveyor belt, m s−1

x :

Axial position along the conveyor belt, m

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Polytechnic Center (DTQ/ST/UFPR), Graduate School of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil

    Augusto Marcos da Silva Hofmann, Cristina Benincá, Valesca Kotovicz & Everton Fernando Zanoelo

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  1. Augusto Marcos da Silva Hofmann
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  2. Cristina Benincá
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  3. Valesca Kotovicz
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  4. Everton Fernando Zanoelo
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Correspondence to Everton Fernando Zanoelo.

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da Silva Hofmann, A.M., Benincá, C., Kotovicz, V. et al. Experiments, Modeling and Control of a Dryer–Cooler of Expanded Raw Soybean Flakes in a Hexane Extraction Plant. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89, 1929–1938 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2089-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2089-8

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