Abstract
Magnetic solid base catalysts were prepared by loading Na2SiO3 on Fe3O4 nano-particles with Na2O·3SiO2 and NaOH as precipitator. The catalysts were used to catalyze the transesterification reactions for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, namely biodiesel) from cottonseed oil. The optimum conditions of the catalysts' preparation and transesterification reactions were investigated by orthogonal experiments. The catalyst with the highest catalytic activity was obtained when Si/Fe molar ratio of 2.5, aging time of 2 h, calcination temperature of 350 °C, calcination time of 2.5 h. Magnetic of the catalyst was characterized with Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscopy photograph (TEM), and the results showed the catalyst Na2SiO3/Fe3O4 had good specific saturation magnetization and paramagnetism, and its water resistance was better than the traditional homogeneous base catalysts; under the transesterification conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 7:1, catalyst dosage of 5%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction time of 100 min and stirring speed of 400 rpm, yield of biodiesel was 99.6%. The lifetime and recovery rate of the magnetic solid base catalyst were much better than those of Na2SiO3.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Vasudevan PT, Briggs M (2008) Biodiesel production-current state of the art and challenges. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:421–430
Semwal S, Arora AK, Badoni RP, Tuli DK (2011) Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts. Bioresour Technol 102:2151–2161
Lam MK, Lee KT, Mohamed AR (2010) Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: a review. Biotechnol Adv 28:500–518
Meher LC, Sager DV, Naik SN (2006) Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification- a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 10:248–268
Chin LH, Hameed BH, Ahmad AL (2009) Process optimization for biodiesel production from waste cooking palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) using response surface methodology. Energy Fuels 23:1040–1044
Felizardo P, Neiva Correia MJ, Raposo I, Mendes JF, Berkemeier R, Bordado JM (2006) Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. Waste Manage 26:487–494
Jacobson K, Gopinath R, Meher LC, Dalai AK (2008) Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Appl Catal B-Environ 85:86–91
Brito A, Borges ME, Garín M, Hernández A (2009) Biodiesel production from waste oil using Mg–Al layered double hydroxide catalysts. Energy Fuels 23:2952–2958
Pugnet V, Maury S, Coupard V, Dandeu A, Quoineaud AA, Bonneau JL, Tichit D (2010) Stability, activity and selectivity study of a zinc aluminate heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of vegetable oil in batch reactor. Appl Catal A-Gen 374:71–78
Sun H, Ding Y, Duan J, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Lou H, Zheng X (2010) Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst. Bioresour Technol 101:953–958
Mazzocchia C, Modica G, Nannicini R, Kaddouri A (2004) Fatty acid methyl esters synthesis from triglycerides over heterogeneous catalysts in the presence of microwaves. C R Chim 6–7:601–605
Yang ZQ, Xie WL (2007) Soybean oil transesterification over zinc oxide modified with alkali earth metals. Fuel Process Technol 88:631–638
Di Serio M, Ledda M, Cozzolino M, Minutillo G, Tesser R, Santacesaria E (2006) Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel by using heterogeneous basic catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:3009–3014
Oku T, Nonoguchi M, Moriguchi T (2005) Method of production of fatty acid alkyl esters and/or glycerine and fatty acid alkyl ester-containing composition. PCT Application no WO/2005/021697;10.03
Shumaker JL, Crofcheck C, Tackett SA, Santillan-Jimenez E, Crocker M (2007) Biodiesel production from soybean oil using calcined Li–Al layered double hydroxide catalysts. Catal Lett 115:56–61
Ebiura T, Echizen T, Ishikawa A, Murai K, Baba T (2005) Selective transesterification of triolein with methanol to methyl oleate and glycerol using alumina loaded with alkali metal salt as a solid-base catalyst. Appl Cat A 283:111–116
Kim HJ, Kang BS, Kim MJ, Park YM, Kim DK, Lee JS (2004) Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst. Catal Today 93–95:315–320
Xie WL, Peng H, Chen LG (2006) Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by potassium loaded on alumina as a solid-base catalyst. Appl Catal A 300:67–74
Xie WL, Huang XM (2006) Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using heterogeneous KF/ZnO catalyst. Cat Lett 107:53–59
Lotero E, Goodwin JG Jr, Bruce DA, Suwannakarn K, Liu Y, Lopez DE (2006) The catalysis of biodiesel synthesis. Catalysis 19:41–84
Zheng C, Zhao JY, Guo PM, Liu R, Ni GY, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Huang FH (2009) Preparation of sodium silicate solid catalyst and its application in transesterification reaction. China Oils Fats 34(5):42–45
Chen WW, Gao YY, Lin XY, Xie HR, Ruan RS (2007) Study on preparing biodiesel with nanometer magnetic solid catalyst. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 28:324–327
Liu C, Lv PM, Yuan ZH, Yan F, Luo W (2010) The nanometer magnetic solid base catalyst for production of biodiesel. Renew Energ 35:531–1536
Zhang C, Ye L, Xu L (2011) Orthogonal array design for the optimization of hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction of salicylates from environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 689:219–225
Shravani D, Lakshmi PK, Balasubramaniam J (2011) Preparation and optimization of various parameters of enteric coated pellets using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design and their characterization. Acta Pharmacol Sin B 1(1):56–63
Sharma YC, Singh B, Upadhyay SN (2008) Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: a review. Fuel 87:2355–2373
Kawashima A, Matsubara K, Honda K (2008) Development of heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 99:3439–3443
Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 70:1–15
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for the National Science and Technology Support Program (No. 2011BAD22B04), Director Fund of Oil Crops Research Institute (No.1610172011014), High Technology R&D Program (863 project) (No. 2010AA101503).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, P., Huang, F., Zheng, M. et al. Magnetic Solid Base Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89, 925–933 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1979-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1979-5